Evaluation of North Eurasian snow-off dates in the ECHAM5.4 atmospheric GCM

Abstract. The timing of springtime end of snow melt (snow-off date) in Northern Eurasia in version 5.4 of the ECHAM5 atmospheric GCM is evaluated through comparison with a snow-off date dataset based on space-borne microwave radiometer measurements and with Russian snow course data. ECHAM5 reproduces well the observed gross geographical pattern of snow-off dates, with earliest snow-off (in March) in the Baltic region and latest snow-off (in June) in the Taymyr Peninsula and in northeastern parts of the Russian Far East. The primary biases are (1) a delayed snow-off in southeastern Siberia (associated with too low springtime temperature and too high surface albedo, in part due to insufficient shielding by canopy); and (2) an early bias in the western and northern parts of Northern Eurasia. Several sensitivity experiments were conducted, where biases in simulated atmospheric circulation were corrected through nudging and/or the treatment of surface albedo was modified. While this alleviated some of the model biases in snow-off dates, 2 m temperature and surface albedo, especially the early bias in snow-off in the western parts of the Northern Eurasia proved very robust and was actually larger in the nudged runs. A key issue underlying the snow-off biases in ECHAM5 is that snow melt occurs at too low temperatures. Very likely, this is related to the treatment of the surface energy budget. On one hand, the surface temperature Ts is not computed separately for the snow-covered and snow-free parts of the grid cells, which prevents Ts from rising above 0 °C before all snow has vanished. Consequently, too much (too little) of the surface net radiation is consumed in melting snow (heating the air). On the other hand, ECHAM5 does not include a canopy layer. Thus, while the albedo reduction due to canopy is accounted for, the shielding of snow on ground by the overlying canopy is not considered, which leaves too much solar radiation available for melting snow.

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Evaluation of North Eurasian snow-off dates in the ECHAM5.4 atmospheric general circulation model

Geoscientific Model Development ◽

10.5194/gmd-7-3037-2014 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 7 (6) ◽

pp. 3037-3057 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

P. Räisänen ◽

A. Luomaranta ◽

H. Järvinen ◽

M. Takala ◽

K. Jylhä ◽

...

Keyword(s):

General Circulation Model ◽

General Circulation ◽

Surface Albedo ◽

Atmospheric General Circulation Model ◽

Circulation Model ◽

Surface Energy Budget ◽

Northern Eurasia ◽

Data Set ◽

Melting Snow ◽

Atmospheric General Circulation

Abstract. The timing of springtime end of snowmelt (snow-off date) in northern Eurasia in version 5.4 of the ECHAM5 atmospheric general circulation model (GCM) is evaluated through comparison with a snow-off date data set based on space-borne microwave radiometer measurements and with Russian snow course data. ECHAM5 reproduces well the observed gross geographical pattern of snow-off dates, with earliest snow-off (in March) in the Baltic region and latest snow-off (in June) in the Taymyr Peninsula and in northeastern parts of the Russian Far East. The primary biases are (1) a delayed snow-off in southeastern Siberia (associated with too low springtime temperature and too high surface albedo, in part due to insufficient shielding by canopy); and (2) an early bias in the western and northern parts of northern Eurasia. Several sensitivity experiments were conducted, where biases in simulated atmospheric circulation were corrected through nudging and/or the treatment of surface albedo was modified. While this alleviated some of the model biases in snow-off dates, 2 m temperature and surface albedo, especially the early bias in snow-off in the western parts of northern Eurasia proved very robust and was actually larger in the nudged runs. A key issue underlying the snow-off biases in ECHAM5 is that snowmelt occurs at too low temperatures. Very likely, this is related to the treatment of the surface energy budget. On one hand, the surface temperature Ts is not computed separately for the snow-covered and snow-free parts of the grid cells, which prevents Ts from rising above 0 °C before all snow has vanished. Consequently, too much of the surface net radiation is consumed in melting snow and too little in heating the air. On the other hand, ECHAM5 does not include a canopy layer. Thus, while the albedo reduction due to canopy is accounted for, the shielding of snow on ground by the overlying canopy is not considered, which leaves too much solar radiation available for melting snow.

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Classification of boreal larch forests of the continental sector of Northern Eurasia (Conspectus of Syntaxa)

Plant Biology and Horticulture: theory, innovation ◽

10.36305/0201-7997-2019-149-78-95 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 78-95

Author(s):

N. B. Ermakov

Keyword(s):

Russian Far East ◽

Far East ◽

Northern Eurasia ◽

Diagnostic Features ◽

Diagnostic Species ◽

Larch Species ◽

Larch Forests ◽

Species Combination ◽

Continental Part

The analysis of modern state of boreal larch forests in their main part of range placed in continental bioclimatic sector of Northern Eurasia (Siberia and continental part of Russian Far East) was performed. Conspectus of larch forests syntaxa was developed and it includes one class - Vaccinio myrtilli-Piceetea abietis Br.-Bl. in Braun-Blanquet et al. 1939, one subclass - Laricenea cajanderi-sibiricae subclass nova hoc loco, two orders - Ledo-Laricetalia cajanderi Ermakov in Ermakov et Alsynbayev 2004, Lathyro humilis-Laricetalia cajanderi Ermakov, Cherosov et Gogoleva 2002, six alliances - Ledo palustris-Laricion cajanderi Ermakov in Ermakov et Alsynbayev 2004, Pino sibiricae-Laricion sibiricae Ermakov in Ermakov et Alsynbayev 2004 (syn. Pino sibiricae-Laricion sibiricae Guinochet ex Dostalek et al. 1988 nom. nud., art. 2b, art. 8, Barkman et al., 1976, art. 2b, art. 8, Weber et al., 2000), Cladonio stellaris-Laricion gmelinii Anenkhonov et Chytry 1998, Empetro-Piceion obovatae Morozova in Morozova et al. 2008, Aulacomnio acuminati-Laricion cajanderi Ermakov Cherosov et Gogoleva 2002, Rhododendro daurici-Laricion gmelinii Ermakov in Krestov et al. 2009 and 30 associations. Diagnostic features of all syntaxa and their main ecological characteristics were represented. The problems of larch forests classification and syntaxa nomenclature were discussed. All diversity of boreal light-coniferous deciduous (larch) forests of continental bioclimatic sector of Northern Eurasia of the class Vaccinio-Piceetea was included in new subclass Laricenea cajanderi-sibiricae subclass nova hoc loco. Diagnostic species combination of the subclass includes predominating larch species ( Larix cajanderi, L. sibirica, L. gmelinii, L. decidua, L. olgensis ) and diagnostic species of the subordinated orders Ledo-Laricetalia cajanderi and Lathyro humilis-Laricetalia cajanderi .

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What the “Talking Jew’s Harp” is saying: Jew’s harp and personal song as the foundation of timbre-oriented musical systems

Languages and Folklore of Indigenous Peoples of Siberia ◽

10.25205/2312-6337-2019-1-5-32 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 5-32 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

A. V. Nikolsky ◽

E. E. Alekseyev ◽

I. E. Alekxeyev ◽

V. E. Dyakonova

Keyword(s):

Russian Far East ◽

Far East ◽

Pitch Contour ◽

Northern Eurasia ◽

Musical Tradition ◽

Pitch Frequency ◽

Musical Cultures ◽

Personal Use ◽

Musical Systems ◽

Musical Sounds

This article is an attempt to further develop the theory of divergence of musical systems of east and west of Eurasia by defining characteristics of a special type of musical cognition prevalent in traditional musical cultures of the indige-nous population of Siberia and Russian Far East. Its underlying trait is orientation on timbre (spectral content of musical sound) rather than pitch (frequency relations between musical sounds). Accordingly, western Eurasian musical cultures are characterized by the evolution of frequency-based modes towards Western tonality – in contrast to the northeastern Eurasian cultures’ special “timbral modes” and “spectral textures.” Unlike “tonality” of frequency-based forms of music, timbral “tonal organization” relies on personal use of music. Most known forms of musicking in timbre-based musical cultures of northern Eurasia are based on making music “for oneself” or for close circle of relatives and friends. Collective music-making here is exceedingly rare. Timbre-based music most likely has vocal roots and originates in the institution of “personal song” – a system of personal identifica-tion by means of individualized patterns of changes in rhythm, timbre and pitch contour following the model of person-alization of the speaking voice. “Personal song” allows for recognizing a person similar to the way in which we recog-nize a person by his voice. The Jew’s harp musical tradition constitutes the instrumental counterpart to personalized singing. Evolution of tonal organization of jaw harp music, largely determined by its unique acoustic features, compris-es the backbone of the historic development of timbre-based music systems.

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Characterization and Phylodynamics of Reassortant H12Nx Viruses in Northern Eurasia

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms7120643 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (12) ◽

pp. 643

Author(s):

Sharshov ◽

Mine ◽

Sobolev ◽

Kurskaya ◽

Dubovitskiy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

Avian Influenza ◽

Avian Influenza Virus ◽

Evolutionary Ecology ◽

Russian Far East ◽

Far East ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Northern Eurasia ◽

East Region ◽

Strong Relation

Wild waterfowl birds are known to be the main reservoir for a variety of avian influenza viruses of different subtypes. Some subtypes, such as H2Nx, H8Nx, H12Nx, and H14Nx, occur relatively rarely in nature. During 10-year long-term surveillance, we isolated five rare H12N5 and one H12N2 viruses in three different distinct geographic regions of Northern Eurasia and studied their characteristics. H12N2 from the Far East region was a double reassortant containing hemagglutinin (HA), non-structural (NS) and nucleoprotein (NP) segments of the American lineage and others from the classical Eurasian avian-like lineage. H12N5 viruses contain Eurasian lineage segments. We suggest a phylogeographical scheme for reassortment events associated with geographical groups of aquatic birds and their migration flyways. The H12N2 virus is of particular interest as this subtype has been found in common teal in the Russian Far East region, and it has a strong relation to North American avian influenza virus lineages, clearly showing that viral exchange of segments between the two continents does occur. Our results emphasize the importance of Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) surveillance in Northern Eurasia for the annual screening of virus characteristics, including the genetic constellation of rare virus subtypes, to understand the evolutionary ecology of AIV.

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Chronological Framework of the Siberian Paleolithic: Recent Achievements and Future Directions

Radiocarbon ◽

10.1017/s0033822200042636 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 49 (2) ◽

pp. 757-766 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Yaroslav V Kuzmin

Keyword(s):

Russian Far East ◽

Far East ◽

Upper Paleolithic ◽

Northern Eurasia ◽

Middle Paleolithic ◽

Neolithic Period ◽

Altai Mountains ◽

Radiocarbon Dates ◽

The 1960S ◽

The Russian Far East

In Siberia, the accumulation of radiocarbon dates from archaeological sites since the 1960s makes it possible to compile a general Paleolithic 14C database, which contains about 440 entries as of late 2005. With these data, we can reveal the main chronological patterns of Paleolithic complexes, with a focus on the late Middle Paleolithic (Mousterian) and Upper Paleolithic. The 14C dates for late Middle Paleolithic industries in Siberia are quite “young,” up to about 30,000–28,500 BP and perhaps ∼27,000 BP. The emergence of the Upper Paleolithic in Siberia took place relatively early compared with Eastern Europe. At about 43,000–35,000 BP, blade-dominated industries existed in the Altai Mountains and Lake Baikal region, and numerous adornments are known from several sites of that age. The late Upper Paleolithic complexes with microblade technology from the Altai Mountains are 14C dated to about 35,000–28,000 BP, and represent the earliest unequivocal evidence of microblade manufacture in northern Eurasia. The end of the Paleolithic in Siberia is related to the appearance of pottery, which indicates the beginning of the Neolithic period. In northern Transbaikal, the earliest pottery complexes are dated to about 12,000–11,000 BP and in the Russian Far East even to ∼13,000 BP, while in most of Siberia they date to approximately 8000–6000 BP. The most important features of the Siberian Paleolithic chronology are: a) the long persistence of Middle Paleolithic complexes, until about 30,000–27,000 BP; b) very early Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition, ∼43,000 BP, closely connected with the emergence of art and symbolic behavior in the earliest Upper Paleolithic at this time; c) the very early origin of microblade complexes, at least at about 35,000 BP; and d) a gradual Paleolithic–Neolithic transition, beginning in the Russian Far East at ∼13,000 BP and in Transbaikal about 12,000–11,000 BP, in most of Siberia at about 8000–6000 BP, and even later in some northern regions.

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Find of association Cypero-Limoselletum (Oberd. 1957) Korneck 1960 (Isoёto-Nanojuncetea) in Magadan region, Russian Far East

Vegetation of Russia ◽

10.31111/vegrus/2003.04.90 ◽

2003 ◽

pp. 90-92 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

N. V. Sinelnikova ◽

G. S. Taran

Keyword(s):

Russian Far East ◽

Far East ◽

River Valley ◽

Northern Eurasia ◽

Magadan Region ◽

Kolyma River

Сommunities of the association Cypero-Limoselletum (Isoёto-Nanojuncetea) were found on soil roads of the second above-floodplain terrace in the upper Kolyma River valley. This fact substantially extends the area of association distribution within the Northern Eurasia. Four releves of the communities dominated or co-dominated by Eleocharis acicularis and Limosella aquatica are presented.

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Selection of the Area of Window Openings of Residential Buildings in Conditions of Monsoon Climate of the Far East of the Russian Federation and Northern Areas of China

Light & Engineering ◽

10.33383/2019-014 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 27-33

Author(s):

Aleksei K. Solovyov ◽

Bi Guofu

Keyword(s):

Residential Buildings ◽

Russian Far East ◽

Far East ◽

Heat Losses ◽

Natural Light ◽

Monsoon Climate ◽

Northern Areas ◽

Artificial Illumination ◽

Heat Penetration ◽

Large Heat

The term “window” in architecture usually stands for an opening in a wall or roof for penetration of natural light, sunrays and fresh air in premises. Recently, the requirement of contact with environment is added to this condition. It is especially relevant for residential buildings where rooms are considered residential if they have windows. The energy consumption of a building depends on sizes, form and location of windows. In winter, windows cause huge heat losses, in summer, on the other hand, large heat enters a building via the windows and is required to be removed by means of air conditioning. Moreover, windows are used for penetration of natural light in premises, which assists in saving of large amounts of power for artificial illumination. This article discusses partial solving the problem of the energy efficiency of residential buildings by determining the most efficient area of windows in terms of energy spending for compensation of heat losses via windows in winter, elimination of heat penetration through them in summer and energy losses for artificial lighting throughout the year. The analysis of the results of calculation of power consumption for residential premises in conditions of monsoon climate of the Russian Far East and Northern areas of China (PRC) is provided.

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