scholarly journals BUNKERS OF THE SPANISH WAR: FROM THE REARGUARD TO THE TECHNICAL CULTURE OF THE INTER-WAR PERIOD. THE CASE OF <i>CLOT DE GALVANY</i>

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-2/W15 ◽  
pp. 759-766
Author(s):  
A. Martínez-Medina ◽  
J. A. Marco Molina ◽  
P. J. Juan-Gutiérrez
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Mediterranean Coast ◽  
Second Republic ◽  
Technical Culture ◽  
The Mediterranean

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> During the Spanish Civil War (1936&amp;ndash;39) the Second Republic ordered to build, from the end of 1937, a series of military structures to protect the cities located on the Mediterranean coast from a hypothetical landing or air incursions of the national side. This set of defenses was organized in two lines: coastal and antiaircraft detachments on top of hills and bunkers on the coast. In this work we proceed to the drawing of the bunker CG-bk04.elc, located in Clot de Galvany (Elche), 8&amp;thinsp;km south of Alicante, next to Carabassí beach, whose shape and dimensions are relevant enough, and its state of repair is quite good. This bunker is part of a larger group with a total of ten bunkers (of which eight still stand) that tried to prevent the advance of the enemy. The exterior drawing has been done by photogrammetry and the interior one manually, due to the small dimensions of its spaces. This work is included in a larger plan to document all these defences that are part of our technical and material legacy, as real ruins of the first modern concrete architecture, since the original designs of these bunkers were lost at the end of the conflict and nothing remains in the Army archives about them.</p>

PRIORITIES OF SPAIN'S FOREIGN POLICY DURING THE SECOND REPUBLIC

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-117
Author(s):  
Natalia Anikeeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Second Republic ◽  
Municipal Elections ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Government

The article analyzes the priorities of Spanish foreign policy during the Second Republic. It was proclaimed in Spain after the municipal elections. Then King Alphonse XIII was forced to leave the country and announced that he did not give up his rights to the Spanish throne. As for the priorities of foreign policy during the Second Republic, the author states that Spain at that time showed a lack of interest in international problems, as was the case under the dictatorship of General Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbanehi. On October 14, 1931, the head of the government, Manuel Azaña y Díaz, after the resignation of the Provisional Government of Niceto Alcala Zamora, emphasized that “foreign policy is inherited from regime to regime”. During this period, the European direction became the main one in foreign policy. The fundamental interests of the Spanish state revolved around the classical "axis" of the Mediterranean, Great Britain, France, Italy. In the period from the end of 1935. and until the summer of 1936. the priority of domestic political problems over foreign ones was observed. Since the acuteness of internal tension associated with the Spanish Civil War has made adjustments to the principles proclaimed by the governments of the Second Republic.

The Second Spanish Republic in soviet and russian studies: specificity, problems, interpretations

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 324-368
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Grantseva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Second Republic ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approaches ◽  
Second Spanish Republic ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Cultural Dialogue ◽  
Ideological Attitudes

For many years, representatives of Soviet and then Russian historical science paid special attention to the period of the Second Spanish Republic and, especially, to the events of 1936-1939. The Spanish Civil War was and remains a topic that attracts the attention of specialists and influences the development of a multifaceted Russian-Spanish cultural dialogue. There are significantly fewer works on the peaceful years of the Republic, which is typical not only for domestic science, but also for the historiography of this period as a whole. Four key periods can be distinguished in the formation of the national historiography of the Spanish Republic. The first is associated with the existence of the Republic itself and is distinguished by significant political engagement. The second opens after 1956 and combines the continuity with respect to the period of the 1930s. and, at the same time, striving for objectivity, developing methodology and expanding the source base. The third stage is associated with the period of the 1970s-1980s, the time of the restoration of diplomatic relations between the USSR and Spain, as well as the active interaction of historians of the two countries. The fourth stage, which lasted thirty years, was the time of the formation of the Russian historiography of the Second Republic, which sought to get rid of the ideological attitudes that left a significant imprint on the research of the Soviet period. This time is associated with the active archival work of researchers and the publication of sources, the expansion of topics, interdisciplinary approaches. Among the studies of the history of the Second Republic outside Spain, Russian historiography has a special place due to the specifics of Soviet-Spanish relations during the Civil War, and the archival funds in our country, and the traditions of Russian historical Spanish studies, and the preservation of republican memory.

scholarly journals Abnegadas, monárquicas, intelectuales, sindicalistas y delatoras. Las trabajadoras del servicio doméstico, sus representaciones y movilizaciones = Selfless, monarchists, intellectuals, trade unionists and betrayers. Domestic workers, their representations and mobilizations

2020 ◽  
pp. 517
Author(s):  
Eider de Dios Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Domestic Workers ◽  
Domestic Service ◽  
Second Republic ◽  
First Time

Resumen: Durante los años que van de 1920 a 1938 coexistieron modelos diferentes de mujer y, al mismo tiempo, se diversificaron las imágenes que se tenía sobre las sirvientas. Durante la dictadura de Primo de Rivera el servicio doméstico no fue considerado como un trabajo. Y ya durante la II República, aunque oficialmente el servicio doméstico obtuviera ese estatus, no se llevaron a cabo modificaciones que hicieran práctica esa incorporación. De todas maneras, durante esos años estas mujeres pudieron sindicarse y denunciar a sus patrones/as por primera vez, así como organizar movilizaciones, lo que cambiaría el imaginario de las sirvientas por mucho tiempo.Palabras clave: Servicio doméstico, II República, Dictadura de Primo de Rivera, género, Guerra Civil.Abstract: During the years between 1920 and 1938, different models of women coexisted and, at the same time, the images of the maids were diversified. During the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, domestic service was not considered a job. During the Second Republic, although officially the domestic service was considered as a job, no modifications were made to make this incorporation practice. Anyway, during these years for the first time these women could unionize and denounce their bosses, organize mobilizations which would change the image of the maids for a long time.Keywords: domestic service, II Spanish Republic, Primo de Rivera´s dictatorship, gender, Spanish Civil War.

Three Titoist Evangelists

2021 ◽  
pp. 213-218
Author(s):  
William Klinger ◽  
Denis Kuljiš
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Southern France ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Commander In Chief ◽  
French Resistance

This chapter details Marshal Tito's consolidation of his secret network in the Mediterranean that was based on the communist cadres from the Spanish Civil War. It mentions Ljubomir Ilić, who was the most prominent among the Yugoslavs who spearheaded the combat groups in the whole of southern France during the occupation. It also discusses how Ilić became commander of the French Zone South and was appointed commander-in-chief of the FTP-MOI (Francs-tireurs et partisans — main-d'oeuvre immigrée) in 1944. The chapter analyzes how the FTP-MOI grew to 100,000 combatants by late 1944, and was dominated by communists and commanded by Yugoslavs. It refers to the Gaullists that “nationalized” the French resistance, wherein the twenty-nine-year-old Brigadier Jean-Jacques Chaban-Delmas was sent to Paris to improvise an uprising.

scholarly journals The Nurses No-One Remembers: Looking for Spanish Nurses in Accounts of the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-92
Author(s):  
Sioban Nelson ◽  
Paola Galbany-Estragués ◽  
Gloria Gallego-Caminero
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Transition To Democracy ◽  
Second Republic ◽  
Skilled Nursing ◽  
War Effort ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Franco Dictatorship ◽  
International Volunteer

Accounts of Spanish nursing and nurses during the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) that appear in the memoirs and correspondence of International Brigade volunteers, and are subsequently repeated in the secondary literature on the war, give little indication of existence of trained nurses in country. We set out to examine this apparent erasure of the long tradition of skilled nursing in Spain and the invisibility of thousands of Spanish nurses engaged in the war effort. We ask two questions: How can we understand the narrative thrust of the international volunteer accounts and subsequent historiography? And what was the state of nursing in Spain on the Republican side during the war as presented by Spanish participants and historians? We put the case that the narrative erasure of Spanish professional nursing prior to the Civil War was the result of the politicization of nursing under the Second Republic, its repression and reengineering under the Franco dictatorship, and the subsequent national policy of “oblivion” or forgetting that dominated the country during the transition to democracy. This policy silenced the stories of veteran nurses and prevented an examination of the impact of the Civil War on the Spanish nursing profession.

scholarly journals Franco contra la Guardia Civil. El juicio a los agentes de la Benemérita integrados en la “Brigada Valentí”

2018 ◽  
pp. 329
Author(s):  
Ernesto Villar Cirujano
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Second Republic ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
The Right

Resumen: Una parte de los agentes de contraespionaje que combatieron por la República contra la “quinta columna” fueron guardias civiles, pero ni su papel ni la respuesta judicial del Franquismo han sido profusamente estudiados. En esta investigación se analizan los sumarios abiertos contra ellos tras la Guerra Civil, el perfil y procedencia de los encartados, sus cometidos en estas labores de contraespionaje, las estrategias de acusados y acusadores y las penas impuestas. Pertenecer al Comité que depuró de derechistas la Benemérita fue castigado con dureza, aunque estos agentes “traidores” a la causa nacional se beneficiaron también de la política de indultos a partir de 1940.Palabras clave: Guerra Civil Española, Franquismo, “Quinta columna”, contraespionaje, Guardia Civil, Brigada Especial Valentí.Abstract: Some of the counterespionage agents serving the Second Republic in 1936, who fought Franco’s "fifth column", were “guardias civiles” (civil guards), although neither their role nor the judicial response of the Franco´s regime have been extensively studied. In this investigation, the investigative files opened against them after the Civil War, the profile and the processing of the defendants, their strategies in the trials and the penalties imposed are analyzed. Belonging to the Committee that purged the right-wing agents inside the Guardia Civil was punished harshly, although these agents "traitors" to the national cause also benefited from the policy of pardons from 1940.Keywords: Spanish Civil War, Francoism, “Fifth column”, counter-espionage, Guardia Civil, Brigada Especial Valentí.

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