scholarly journals The Nurses No-One Remembers: Looking for Spanish Nurses in Accounts of the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-92
Author(s):  
Sioban Nelson ◽  
Paola Galbany-Estragués ◽  
Gloria Gallego-Caminero
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Transition To Democracy ◽  
Second Republic ◽  
Skilled Nursing ◽  
War Effort ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Franco Dictatorship ◽  
International Volunteer

Accounts of Spanish nursing and nurses during the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) that appear in the memoirs and correspondence of International Brigade volunteers, and are subsequently repeated in the secondary literature on the war, give little indication of existence of trained nurses in country. We set out to examine this apparent erasure of the long tradition of skilled nursing in Spain and the invisibility of thousands of Spanish nurses engaged in the war effort. We ask two questions: How can we understand the narrative thrust of the international volunteer accounts and subsequent historiography? And what was the state of nursing in Spain on the Republican side during the war as presented by Spanish participants and historians? We put the case that the narrative erasure of Spanish professional nursing prior to the Civil War was the result of the politicization of nursing under the Second Republic, its repression and reengineering under the Franco dictatorship, and the subsequent national policy of “oblivion” or forgetting that dominated the country during the transition to democracy. This policy silenced the stories of veteran nurses and prevented an examination of the impact of the Civil War on the Spanish nursing profession.

CHILDHOOD AND EXILE. THE EXPERIENCES OF CHILDREN OF THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR IN THE SOVIET UNION AND MEXICO INFANCIA Y EXILIO

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 184-194
Author(s):  
Magdalena Garrido Caballero ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Life Stories ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
Second Republic ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Condi Tions ◽  
Children Of War ◽  
The Impact

The study focuses on the Spanish "children of war" who were evacuated to Mexico and the USSR during the Spanish Civil War between 1937 and 1938, and their experiences described in various sources. These are both memories and scholarly research, incorporating information col-lected through various research projects to study the perception of exiles of their experience. No less significant for this work is the material re-lated to the influence of the "children of war" on the societies that host them; this perspective is of particular relevance at the present stage. Both the USSR and Mexico supported the Second Republic both in the international arena and in the humanitarian direction. At the same time, the USSR accepted more children than Mexico and the living condi-tions of the exiles varied significantly. Life stories testify to the trau-mas associated with separation from families, both when moving to Mexico and the USSR, the difficulties of returning and reuniting with their relatives, the impact on the fate of Spanish children of the break that occurred in Spain after the defeat of the Republicans and the estab-lishment of the Francoist dictatorship.

The Second Spanish Republic in soviet and russian studies: specificity, problems, interpretations

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 324-368
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Grantseva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Second Republic ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approaches ◽  
Second Spanish Republic ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Cultural Dialogue ◽  
Ideological Attitudes

For many years, representatives of Soviet and then Russian historical science paid special attention to the period of the Second Spanish Republic and, especially, to the events of 1936-1939. The Spanish Civil War was and remains a topic that attracts the attention of specialists and influences the development of a multifaceted Russian-Spanish cultural dialogue. There are significantly fewer works on the peaceful years of the Republic, which is typical not only for domestic science, but also for the historiography of this period as a whole. Four key periods can be distinguished in the formation of the national historiography of the Spanish Republic. The first is associated with the existence of the Republic itself and is distinguished by significant political engagement. The second opens after 1956 and combines the continuity with respect to the period of the 1930s. and, at the same time, striving for objectivity, developing methodology and expanding the source base. The third stage is associated with the period of the 1970s-1980s, the time of the restoration of diplomatic relations between the USSR and Spain, as well as the active interaction of historians of the two countries. The fourth stage, which lasted thirty years, was the time of the formation of the Russian historiography of the Second Republic, which sought to get rid of the ideological attitudes that left a significant imprint on the research of the Soviet period. This time is associated with the active archival work of researchers and the publication of sources, the expansion of topics, interdisciplinary approaches. Among the studies of the history of the Second Republic outside Spain, Russian historiography has a special place due to the specifics of Soviet-Spanish relations during the Civil War, and the archival funds in our country, and the traditions of Russian historical Spanish studies, and the preservation of republican memory.

scholarly journals Abnegadas, monárquicas, intelectuales, sindicalistas y delatoras. Las trabajadoras del servicio doméstico, sus representaciones y movilizaciones = Selfless, monarchists, intellectuals, trade unionists and betrayers. Domestic workers, their representations and mobilizations

2020 ◽  
pp. 517
Author(s):  
Eider de Dios Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Domestic Workers ◽  
Domestic Service ◽  
Second Republic ◽  
First Time

Resumen: Durante los años que van de 1920 a 1938 coexistieron modelos diferentes de mujer y, al mismo tiempo, se diversificaron las imágenes que se tenía sobre las sirvientas. Durante la dictadura de Primo de Rivera el servicio doméstico no fue considerado como un trabajo. Y ya durante la II República, aunque oficialmente el servicio doméstico obtuviera ese estatus, no se llevaron a cabo modificaciones que hicieran práctica esa incorporación. De todas maneras, durante esos años estas mujeres pudieron sindicarse y denunciar a sus patrones/as por primera vez, así como organizar movilizaciones, lo que cambiaría el imaginario de las sirvientas por mucho tiempo.Palabras clave: Servicio doméstico, II República, Dictadura de Primo de Rivera, género, Guerra Civil.Abstract: During the years between 1920 and 1938, different models of women coexisted and, at the same time, the images of the maids were diversified. During the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, domestic service was not considered a job. During the Second Republic, although officially the domestic service was considered as a job, no modifications were made to make this incorporation practice. Anyway, during these years for the first time these women could unionize and denounce their bosses, organize mobilizations which would change the image of the maids for a long time.Keywords: domestic service, II Spanish Republic, Primo de Rivera´s dictatorship, gender, Spanish Civil War.

scholarly journals BUNKERS OF THE SPANISH WAR: FROM THE REARGUARD TO THE TECHNICAL CULTURE OF THE INTER-WAR PERIOD. THE CASE OF <i>CLOT DE GALVANY</i>

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-2/W15 ◽  
pp. 759-766
Author(s):  
A. Martínez-Medina ◽  
J. A. Marco Molina ◽  
P. J. Juan-Gutiérrez
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Mediterranean Coast ◽  
Second Republic ◽  
Technical Culture ◽  
The Mediterranean

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> During the Spanish Civil War (1936&amp;ndash;39) the Second Republic ordered to build, from the end of 1937, a series of military structures to protect the cities located on the Mediterranean coast from a hypothetical landing or air incursions of the national side. This set of defenses was organized in two lines: coastal and antiaircraft detachments on top of hills and bunkers on the coast. In this work we proceed to the drawing of the bunker CG-bk04.elc, located in Clot de Galvany (Elche), 8&amp;thinsp;km south of Alicante, next to Carabassí beach, whose shape and dimensions are relevant enough, and its state of repair is quite good. This bunker is part of a larger group with a total of ten bunkers (of which eight still stand) that tried to prevent the advance of the enemy. The exterior drawing has been done by photogrammetry and the interior one manually, due to the small dimensions of its spaces. This work is included in a larger plan to document all these defences that are part of our technical and material legacy, as real ruins of the first modern concrete architecture, since the original designs of these bunkers were lost at the end of the conflict and nothing remains in the Army archives about them.</p>

Gender, Translation, and Censorship

2018 ◽  
pp. 42-66
Author(s):  
Gora Zaragoza
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Cultural Evolution ◽  
Transition To Democracy ◽  
Second Republic ◽  
Franco Regime ◽  
Cultural Transfer ◽  
English Novel ◽  
Cultural Expansion ◽  
Cultural Turn ◽  
The Well Of Loneliness

After the “cultural turn” in the 1980s, translation was redefined as a cultural transfer rather than a linguistic transposition. Key translation concepts were revised, including equivalence, correction, and fidelity. Feminist approaches to translation emerged, for example, the recovery of texts lost in patriarchy. Following the death of Franco and the transition to democracy, Spain initiated a cultural expansion. The advent of the Franco regime after the civil war (1936-1939) resulted in years of cultural involution and the abolition of rights for women attained during the Spanish Second Republic (1931-1939). Severe censoring prevented the publication of literature—both native and foreign (through translation)—that contradicted the principles of the dictatorship. This chapter will examine the link between gender, translation, and censorship, materialised in Radclyffe Hall's The Well of Loneliness (1928), the first English novel to tackle lesbianism and transgenderism, an example of translation in cultural evolution.

Studying Desertion in the spanish Civil War

Desertion ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 38-48
Author(s):  
Théodore McLauchlin
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Civil Conflict ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Armed Group ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Group Characteristics

This chapter develops the account of desertion primarily in the context of the Spanish Civil War from 1936 to 1939, which clarifies the role of several variables through Spain. It looks at many different organizations on both the rebel side and the Republican side in order to examine the impact of different armed group characteristics on desertion. It uses the Spain case study to understand desertion dynamics in a particularly fascinating civil conflict. The chapter focuses on the Republican side, analyzing the dynamics of its relatively high rate of desertion at various points in the conflict. It demonstrates norms of cooperation and coercion at the micro level to statistically assess individual soldiers' decisions to fight or to flee.

scholarly journals Unrecovered objects: Narratives of dispossession, slow violence and survival in the investigation of mass graves from the Spanish Civil War

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 428-446
Author(s):  
Layla Renshaw
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
Popular Front ◽  
Mass Grave ◽  
Mass Graves ◽  
Pressure Groups ◽  
Slow Violence ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Impact

The Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) was triggered by a military uprising against the democratically elected Popular Front government. Away from the battlefield, this war was characterized by the politically-motivated murder of thousands of civilians, many of whom were buried in clandestine graves throughout Spain. Following Franco’s victory and subsequent dictatorship, there were strong prohibitions on commemorating the Republican dead. A radical rupture in Spain’s memory politics occurred from 2000 onwards with the founding of the Association for the Recovery of Historical Memory and other similar pressure groups that have organized the exhumation and reburial of the Republican dead. This article is based on fieldwork conducted in communities in Castile and León, and Extremadura as they underwent mass grave investigations. It examines the experience of theft and dispossession that occurred as part of the Francoist repression of Republicans. Accounts of these episodes focus on stolen and looted objects robbed from the dead during the killings, from the graves’ post-mortem, or from surviving relatives as part of the systematic dispossession of Republican households that occurred during the war and immediate post-war period. These narratives surface with frequency during the investigation and exhumation of mass graves. Despite the fact that many are lost forever, these stolen possessions can function as powerful mnemonic objects with a strong affective and imaginative hold. The narratives of dispossession explore themes of survival, the experiences of women and children, and the impact of slow violence. By invoking theft and stolen objects, these stories highlight forms of trauma and forms of memory that may not be represented fully by the dominant investigative paradigm of the mass grave exhumation with its inherent focus on death, cataclysmic violence and the tangible, physical traces of the past.

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