scholarly journals Flash floods and debris flow in the city area of Messina, north-east part of Sicily, Italy in October 2009: the case of the Giampilieri catchment

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1295-1309 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. T. Aronica ◽  
G. Brigandí ◽  
N. Morey
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Debris Flow ◽  
Flash Flood ◽  
Flash Floods ◽  
Event Analysis ◽  
Gis Technology ◽  
North East ◽  
Temporal And Spatial Variability ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
The City

Abstract. This paper concerns the analysis of the 1 October 2009 flash flood and debris flow event caused by a very intense rainfall concentrated over the Messina area. The storm caused severe flash floods in many villages around the city of Messina, such as Giampilieri, Scaletta Zanclea, Altolia Superiore and Molino, with 38 casualties and significant damages to property, buildings, roads and bridges estimated close to 550 million Euro. The main focus of this work is to perform a post event analysis, putting together available meteorological and hydrological data in order to get better insight into temporal and spatial variability of the rain storm, the soil moisture conditions and the consequent flash flood in the Giampilieri catchment. The event was investigated using observed data from a raingauge network. Statistical analysis using GEV distribution was performed and rainfall return period (storm severity) was estimated. Further, measured rainfall data and rainfall-runoff modelling were used to estimate soil moisture conditions, to analyse the hydrological behaviour and to reconstruct flood hydrograph. With the help of GIS technology and particularly spatial analysis, the volume of debris which has gone down into the Giampilieri village was also calculated. GIS maps with landslide and material deposit areas were produced and analysed.

Multidimensional context for extreme analysis of daily streamflow, rainfall and accumulated rainfall across USA

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Nezi ◽  
Ioannis Tsoukalas ◽  
Charalampos Ntigkakis ◽  
Andreas Efstratiadis
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Daily Rainfall ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Event Analysis ◽  
Antecedent Soil Moisture ◽  
Daily Streamflow ◽  
Accumulated Rainfall ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Parameter Values

<p>Statistical analysis of rainfall and runoff extremes plays a crucial role in hydrological design and flood risk management. Usually this analysis is performed separately for the two processes of interest, thus ignoring their dependencies, which appear at multiple temporal scales. Actually, the generation of a flood strongly depends on soil moisture conditions, which in turn depends on past rainfall. Using daily rainfall and runoff data from about 400 catchments in USA, retrieved from the MOPEX repository, we investigate the statistical behavior of the corresponding annual rainfall and streamflow maxima, also accounting for the influence of antecedent soil moisture conditions. The latter are quantified by means of accumulated daily rainfall at various aggregation scales (i.e., from 5 up to 30 days) before each extreme rainfall and streamflow event. Analysis of maxima is employed by fitting the Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) distribution, using the L-moments method for extracting the associated parameters (shape, scale, location). Significant attention is paid for ensuring statistically consistent estimations of the shape parameter, which is empirically adjusted in order to minimize the influence of sample uncertainty. Finally, we seek for the possible correlations among the derived parameter values and hydroclimatic characteristics of the studied basins, and also depict their spatial distribution across USA.</p>

scholarly journals Post-event analysis and flash flood hydrology in Slovakia

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 304-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamila Hlavčová ◽  
Silvia Kohnová ◽  
Marco Borga ◽  
Oliver Horvát ◽  
Pavel Šťastný ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrological Model ◽  
Flash Flood ◽  
Flash Floods ◽  
Event Analysis ◽  
Distributed Hydrological Model ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Flood Events ◽  
Spatially Distributed ◽  
Catchment Size ◽  
Flood Peaks

Abstract This work examines the main features of the flash flood regime in Central Europe as revealed by an analysis of flash floods that have occurred in Slovakia. The work is organized into the following two parts: The first part focuses on estimating the rainfall-runoff relationships for 3 major flash flood events, which were among the most severe events since 1998 and caused a loss of lives and a large amount of damage. The selected flash floods occurred on the 20th of July, 1998, in the Malá Svinka and Dubovický Creek basins; the 24th of July, 2001, at Štrbský Creek; and the 19th of June, 2004, at Turniansky Creek. The analysis aims to assess the flash flood peaks and rainfall-runoff properties by combining post-flood surveys and the application of hydrological and hydraulic post-event analyses. Next, a spatially-distributed hydrological model based on the availability of the raster information of the landscape’s topography, soil and vegetation properties, and rainfall data was used to simulate the runoff. The results from the application of the distributed hydrological model were used to analyse the consistency of the surveyed peak discharges with respect to the estimated rainfall properties and drainage basins. In the second part these data were combined with observations from flash flood events which were observed during the last 100 years and are focused on an analysis of the relationship between the flood peaks and the catchment area. The envelope curve was shown to exhibit a more pronounced decrease with the catchment size with respect to other flash flood relationships found in the Mediterranean region. The differences between the two relationships mainly reflect changes in the coverage of the storm sizes and hydrological characteristics between the two regions.

Analysis of soil boundary conditions of flash floods in a small basin in SW Hungary

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Péter Hegedüs ◽  
Szabolcs Czigány ◽  
László Balatonyi ◽  
Ervin Pirkhoffer
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Input Data ◽  
Flash Flood ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Flash Floods ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Antecedent Soil Moisture ◽  
Numeric Model

AbstractFlash floods are one of the most significant natural hazards of today. Due to the complexity of flash flood triggering factors, to prevent or mitigate flood triggered losses, numeric model based flood forecasting models are capable tools to predict stream water levels. The main goal of the current research was to reproduce two flow peaks with the HEC-HMS rainfall-runoff model and test the model sensitivity for various input parameters. To obtain sufficient input data, we monitored soil depth, maximum infiltration rate, soil moisture content, rainfall, time of concentration and flow. To obtain input data, parameters were calculated, measured in the Sás Valley experimental watershed (SW Hungary) or optimized with the built in function of the HEC-HMS. Soil moisture was monitored in the 1.7 km2 pilot catchment over the period between September 2008 and September 2009. HEC-HMS had a good performance reproducing the two events, however simulated flow time series are highly influenced by the antecedent soil moisture, infiltration rate and canopy storage. Outflow modeled data were verified for two flood events (June 4, 2008 and July 9, 2009). The HEC-HMS was over-sensitive for input soil moisture and with increasing input rainfall and increasing outflow, larger simulation errors were observed.

scholarly journals Flash Flood Simulations Based on Shallow Water Equations to Investigate Protection Measures for El Gouna, Egypt

10.29007/kh16 ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ester Marafini ◽  
Franziska Tügel ◽  
Ilhan Özgen ◽  
Reinhard Hinkelmann ◽  
Michele La Rocca
Keyword(s):  
Shallow Water ◽  
Flash Flood ◽  
Flash Floods ◽  
Flood Event ◽  
Water Model ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Environmental Disasters ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
Flood Simulations ◽  
The City

Severe and sudden events like flash floods are considered to be one of the most hazardous environmental disasters. Therefore, predicting the whole process of flooding is fundamental to prevent urban damages. In this context, the simulation of flash floods is an important tool to analyse the flow processes in order to find solutions to the problem. In this work, a case study of the flash flood event of 9th March 2014 in the city of El Gouna in Egypt was carried out using the Hydroinformatics Modeling System (hms), a two-dimensional (2D) shallow water model developed at the Chair of Water Resources Management and Modeling of Hydrosystems, Technische Universität Berlin. The flooding processes are simulated in great detail on unstructured grids. The aim of this work is to investigate the flow field around the settlement of the study area, when structures such as storage basins and dams are adopted as protection measures for the city. Different scenarios are analyzed to find out the most suitable one, which is able to minimize the risk during the flash flood event.

scholarly journals Flash Flood Susceptibility Mapping at Andungbiru Watershed, East Java Using AHP-Information Weighted Method

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 127
Author(s):  
Devi Ratna Handini ◽  
Entin Hidayah ◽  
Gusfan Halik
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Flash Flood ◽  
Characteristic Curve ◽  
Flash Floods ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Gis Technology ◽  
Topographic Wetness Index

Flash floods are among the most frequent natural disasters caused by heavy rain associated with a severe thunderstorm, which leads to social and economic losses in infrastructure and agriculture. Therefore, this research aims to map flash flood potential susceptibility (FFPS) in the Pekalen watershed, using Geographic Information System (GIS) technology and statistical analysis to reduce the risk of flooding. The opinion and experience of an expert on the weight assessment method were carried out using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Furthermore, the probability statistical methods and GIS were used in flash flood areas in the Pekalen watershed in Andungbiru, Probolinggo village. This study was carried out using geomorphological factors, namely elevation, slope, stream power index, and topographic wetness index, with a resolution of 30 m. Thematic map scale of the land use, river density, distance to the river, rainfall, and geology is in the ratio of is in a ratio of 1:25.000. Imagery processing was carried out using Landsat 8 30 m x 30 m resolution imagery, such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index. The result showed that the model map of FFPS obtained low 8%, low 23%, moderate 27%, moderate to high 26%, high 13%, and very high 2% index values. The next stage of modeling analysis led to validation using statistic receiver operating Characteristic Curve (ROC) of area Under Curve (AUC) with a value of 90.15. In conclusion, the factors that significantly trigger flash floods are distance to the river, land use, and slope.   Keywords: AHP-weighted; information content; FFSP; GIS; Geomorphology Copyright (c) 2021 Geosfera Indonesia and Department of Geography Education, University of Jember   This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share A like 4.0 International License

Which event produces the largest flash flood? Considering rainfall characteristics, initial soil moisture, retention and run-on infiltration

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Weiler ◽  
Hannes Leistert ◽  
Andreas Steinbrich
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Return Period ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Flash Flood ◽  
Joint Probability ◽  
Flash Floods ◽  
Runoff Generation ◽  
Runoff Formation ◽  
Initial Soil Moisture ◽  
Initial Soil

<p>Local heavy precipitation regularly causes great damage resulting from flash floods in small catchments. Appropriate discharge records are usually unavailable to derive an extreme value statistics and regionalization approaches predicting peak discharge from discharge records of larger basins cannot consider the small-scale effects and local processes. In addition, forecasting flash floods from rainfall forecast requires to identify the event conditions under which a catchment is most prone to trigger flash floods. Therefore, factors influencing runoff formation and concentration need to be identified based on catchment characteristics in order to predict flood hydrographs, geomorphic processes and flood inundation.</p><p>We have developed a framework depending on the joint probability of soil moisture and rainfall and used the distributed, processed-based rainfall-runoff model RoGeR to predict the spatial explicit probability of soil moisture and linking this to overland-flow and subsurface flow generation assuming different scenarios of soil moisture and rainfall characteristics. Selected combinations result in a joint probability with a specified return period (e.g. 100 year), but are based on different probabilities for rainfall amount, duration and initial soil moisture. From this, the combination of a precipitation event and initial soil moisture condition can be determined which generates the largest runoff generation. In addition, we found, that accounting for the spatially and temporally controlled superimposition of runoff formation and runoff concentration, including the possible infiltration of overland flow (run-on infiltration) along the flow path and the retention in depression can have considerable influence on modelled peak discharge and discharge volume for a given catchment. For this purpose, various methods were developed and tested considering the effects of run-on infiltration and retention, from complex 2D hydraulic models coupled with RoGeR to simpler approaches considering run-on infiltration only locally or based on the difference between actual and potential infiltration. These approaches were tested in different catchments with different soils, geologies and land use. Also, the sensitiviy of surface roughness was considered.</p><p>We developed an interactive spatial explicit method, which combines the joint probability of soil moisture and rainfall for runoff formation with hydraulic assumptions to determine runoff concentration and thus the corresponding design hydrographs and the specific conditions a catchment can trigger flash floods. This information can on the one side help to generate flash flood risk maps, but should also be considered in order to provide adequate catchment specific information for heavy precipitation risk management. We could clearly demonstrate that only the combined consideration of factors affecting flood formation and concentration and its implementation into a statistical framework allows to predict floods for a specific return period (which is not equal to the return period of precipitation) for small catchments where different runoff generation mechanisms occur simultaneously.</p>

scholarly journals Development of a precipitation–area curve for warning criteria of short-duration flash flood

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deg-Hyo Bae ◽  
Moon-Hwan Lee ◽  
Sung-Keun Moon
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
Flash Flood ◽  
Threshold Function ◽  
Flood Events ◽  
Small Stream ◽  
Flood Warning ◽  
Precipitation Area ◽  
Moisture Conditions

Abstract. This paper presents quantitative criteria for flash flood warning that can be used to rapidly assess flash flood occurrence based on only rainfall estimates. This study was conducted for 200 small mountainous sub-catchments of the Han River basin in South Korea because South Korea has recently suffered many flash flood events. The quantitative criteria are calculated based on flash flood guidance (FFG), which is defined as the depth of rainfall of a given duration required to cause frequent flooding (1–2-year return period) at the outlet of a small stream basin and is estimated using threshold runoff (TR) and antecedent soil moisture conditions in all sub-basins. The soil moisture conditions were estimated during the flooding season, i.e., July, August and September, over 7 years (2002–2009) using the Sejong University Rainfall Runoff (SURR) model. A ROC (receiver operating characteristic) analysis was used to obtain optimum rainfall values and a generalized precipitation–area (P–A) curve was developed for flash flood warning thresholds. The threshold function was derived as a P–A curve because the precipitation threshold with a short duration is more closely related to basin area than any other variables. For a brief description of the P–A curve, generalized thresholds for flash flood warnings can be suggested for rainfall rates of 42, 32 and 20 mm h−1 in sub-basins with areas of 22–40, 40–100 and > 100 km2, respectively. The proposed P–A curve was validated based on observed flash flood events in different sub-basins. Flash flood occurrences were captured for 9 out of 12 events. This result can be used instead of FFG to identify brief flash flood (less than 1 h), and it can provide warning information to decision-makers or citizens that is relatively simple, clear and immediate.

scholarly journals Development of a Precipitation-Area Curve for Warning Criteria of Short-Duration Flash Flood

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deg-Hyo Bae ◽  
Moon-Hwan Lee ◽  
Seun-Keun Moon
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
Flash Flood ◽  
Threshold Function ◽  
Flood Events ◽  
Small Stream ◽  
Flood Warning ◽  
Precipitation Area ◽  
Moisture Conditions

Abstract. This paper presents quantitative criteria for flash flood warning that can be used to rapidly assess flash flood occurrence based on only rainfall estimates. This study was conducted for 200 small mountainous sub-catchments of the Han River basin in South Korea because South Korea has recently suffered many flash flood events with short duration. Flash Flood Guidance (FFG) was defined as the depth of rainfall of a given duration required to cause minor flooding at the outlet of a small stream basin and was estimated using threshold runoff (TR) and antecedent soil moisture conditions in all the sub-basins. The soil moisture conditions were estimated during the flooding season, i.e., July, August and September, over 7 years (2002~2009) using the Sejong University Rainfall Runoff (SURR) model. A ROC analysis was used to obtain optimum rainfall values and a generalized precipitation-area curve (P-A curve) was developed for flash flood warning thresholds. The threshold function was derived as P-A curve due to the reason that the precipitation threshold with short duration is highly related to basin area than any other variables. Generalized thresholds for flash flood warning were obtained for rainfall rates of 42, 32 and 20 mm/h in sub-basins with areas of 22~40 km2, 40~100 km2 and > 100 km2, respectively. The proposed P-A curve was validated based on actual flash flood events in different sub-basins, which showed the viability of the proposed criteria to capture actual flash floods using only the rainfall rate and area of a sub-basin. The key advantage of this method is possible to issue flash flood warnings without the need to run entire hydro-meteorological model chains in the region where the short-duration flash flood frequently occurred.

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