scholarly journals Numerical implementation and oceanographic application of the thermodynamic potentials of liquid water, water vapour, ice, seawater and humid air – Part 2: The library routines

Ocean Science ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 695-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Wright ◽  
R. Feistel ◽  
J. H. Reissmann ◽  
K. Miyagawa ◽  
D. R. Jackett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Equation Of State ◽  
Web Site ◽  
International Association ◽  
Companion Paper ◽  
Physical Sciences ◽  
Humid Air ◽  
Water Ice ◽  
Cultural Organization ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Thermodynamic Potentials

Abstract. The SCOR/IAPSO1 Working Group 127 on Thermodynamics and Equation of State of Seawater has prepared recommendations for new methods and algorithms for numerical estimation of the the thermophysical properties of seawater. As an outcome of this work, a new International Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater (TEOS–10) was endorsed by IOC/UNESCO2 in June 2009 as the official replacement and extension of the 1980 International Equation of State, EOS-80. As part of this new standard a source code package has been prepared that is now made freely available to users via the World Wide Web. This package includes two libraries referred to as the SIA (Sea-Ice-Air) library and the GSW (Gibbs SeaWater) library. Information on the GSW library may be found on the TEOS-10 web site (http://www.TEOS-10.org). This publication provides an introduction to the SIA library which contains routines to calculate various thermodynamic properties as discussed in the companion paper. The SIA library is very comprehensive, including routines to deal with fluid water, ice, seawater and humid air as well as equilibrium states involving various combinations of these, with equivalent code developed in different languages. The code is hierachically structured in modules that support (i) almost unlimited extension with respect to additional properties or relations, (ii) an extraction of self-contained sub-libraries, (iii) separate updating of the empirical thermodynamic potentials, and (iv) code verification on different platforms and between different languages. Error trapping is implemented to identify when one or more of the primary routines are accessed significantly beyond their established range of validity. The initial version of the SIA library is available in Visual Basic and FORTRAN as a supplement to this publication and updates will be maintained on the TEOS-10 web site. 1SCOR/IAPSO: Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research/International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans 2IOC/UNESCO: Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission/United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

scholarly journals Numerical implementation and oceanographic application of the thermodynamic potentials of water, vapour, ice, seawater and air – Part 2: The library routines

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 649-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Wright ◽  
R. Feistel ◽  
J. H. Reissmann ◽  
K. Miyagawa ◽  
D. R. Jackett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Equation Of State ◽  
Web Site ◽  
International Association ◽  
Companion Paper ◽  
Numerical Estimation ◽  
Physical Sciences ◽  
Water Ice ◽  
Cultural Organization ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Thermodynamic Potentials

Abstract. The SCOR/IAPSO1 Working Group 127 on Thermodynamics and Equation of State of Seawater has prepared recommendations for new methods and algorithms for numerical estimation of the thermophysical properties of seawater. As an outcome of this work, a new International Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater (TEOS-10) was endorsed by IOC/UNESCO2 in June 2009 as the official replacement and extension of the 1980 International Equation of State, EOS-80. As part of this new standard a source code package has been prepared that is now made freely available to users via the World Wide Web. This package includes two libraries referred to as the SIA (Sea-Ice-Air) library and the GSW (Gibbs SeaWater) library. Information on the GSW library may be found on the TEOS-10 web site (http://www.TEOS-10.org). This publication provides an introduction to the SIA library which contains routines to calculate various thermodynamic properties as discussed in the companion paper. The SIA library is very comprehensive, including routines to deal with fluid water, ice, seawater and humid air as well as equilibrium states involving various combinations of these, with equivalent code developed in different languages. The code is hierachically structured in modules that support (i) almost unlimited extension with respect to additional properties or relations, (ii) an extraction of self-contained sub-libraries, (iii) separate updating of the empirical thermodynamic potentials, and (iv) code verification on different platforms and between different languages. Error trapping is implemented to identify when one or more of the primary routines are accessed significantly beyond their established range of validity. The initial version of the SIA library is available in Visual Basic and FORTRAN as a supplement to this publication and updates will be maintained on the TEOS-10 web site. 1 SCOR/IAPSO: Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research/International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans 2 IOC/UNESCO: Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission/United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

scholarly journals Thermodynamic properties of sea air

Ocean Science ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Feistel ◽  
D. G. Wright ◽  
H.-J. Kretzschmar ◽  
E. Hagen ◽  
S. Herrmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermodynamic Potential ◽  
Temperature Scale ◽  
International Association ◽  
Potential Functions ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Humid Air ◽  
Water Ice ◽  
Thermodynamic Potentials ◽  
Temperature And Pressure ◽  
Empirical Coefficients

Abstract. Very accurate thermodynamic potential functions are available for fluid water, ice, seawater and humid air covering wide ranges of temperature and pressure conditions. They permit the consistent computation of all equilibrium properties as, for example, required for coupled atmosphere-ocean models or the analysis of observational or experimental data. With the exception of humid air, these potential functions are already formulated as international standards released by the International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS), and have been adopted in 2009 for oceanography by IOC/UNESCO. In this paper, we derive a collection of formulas for important quantities expressed in terms of the thermodynamic potentials, valid for typical phase transitions and composite systems of humid air and water/ice/seawater. Particular attention is given to equilibria between seawater and humid air, referred to as "sea air" here. In a related initiative, these formulas will soon be implemented in a source-code library for easy practical use. The library is primarily aimed at oceanographic applications but will be relevant to air-sea interaction and meteorology as well. The formulas provided are valid for any consistent set of suitable thermodynamic potential functions. Here we adopt potential functions from previous publications in which they are constructed from theoretical laws and empirical data; they are briefly summarized in the appendix. The formulas make use of the full accuracy of these thermodynamic potentials, without additional approximations or empirical coefficients. They are expressed in the temperature scale ITS-90 and the 2008 Reference-Composition Salinity Scale.

scholarly journals Thermodynamic properties of sea air

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 2193-2325
Author(s):  
R. Feistel ◽  
H.-J. Kretzschmar ◽  
R. Span ◽  
E. Hagen ◽  
D. G. Wright ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermodynamic Potential ◽  
Temperature Scale ◽  
International Association ◽  
Potential Functions ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Humid Air ◽  
Water Ice ◽  
Thermodynamic Potentials ◽  
Temperature And Pressure ◽  
Empirical Coefficients

Abstract. Very accurate thermodynamic potential functions are available for fluid water, ice, seawater and humid air covering wide ranges of temperature and pressure conditions. They permit the consistent computation of all equilibrium properties as, for example, required for coupled atmosphere–ocean models or the analysis of observational or experimental data. With the exception of humid air, these potential functions are already formulated as international standards released by the International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS), and have been adopted in 2009 for oceanography by IOC/UNESCO. In this paper, we derive a collection of formulas for important quantities expressed in terms of the thermodynamic potentials, valid for typical phase transitions and composite systems of humid air and water/ice/seawater. Particular attention is given to equilibria between seawater and humid air, referred to as ''sea air'' here. In a related initiative, these formulas will soon be implemented in a source-code library for easy practical use. The library is primarily aimed at oceanographic applications but will be relevant to air-sea interaction and meteorology as well. The formulas provided are valid for any consistent set of suitable thermodynamic potential functions. Here we adopt potential functions from previous publications in which they are constructed from theoretical laws and empirical data; they are briefly summarized in the appendix. The formulas make use of the full accuracy of these thermodynamic potentials, without additional approximations or empirical coefficients. They are expressed in the temperature scale ITS-90 and the 2008 Reference-Composition Salinity Scale.

scholarly journals Numerical implementation and oceanographic application of the thermodynamic potentials of liquid water, water vapour, ice, seawater and humid air – Part 1: Background and equations

Ocean Science ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 633-677 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Feistel ◽  
D. G. Wright ◽  
D. R. Jackett ◽  
K. Miyagawa ◽  
J. H. Reissmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapour ◽  
Liquid Water ◽  
International Association ◽  
Companion Paper ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Adoption Process ◽  
Mathematical Methods ◽  
Humid Air ◽  
Thermodynamic Potentials ◽  
Primary Standards

Abstract. A new seawater standard referred to as the International Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10) was adopted in June 2009 by UNESCO/IOC on its 25th General Assembly in Paris, as recommended by the SCOR/IAPSO Working Group 127 (WG127) on Thermodynamics and Equation of State of Seawater. To support the adoption process, WG127 has developed a comprehensive source code library for the thermodynamic properties of liquid water, water vapour, ice, seawater and humid air, referred to as the Sea-Ice-Air (SIA) library. Here we present the background information and equations required for the determination of the properties of single phases and components as well as of phase transitions and composite systems as implemented in the library. All results are based on rigorous mathematical methods applied to the Primary Standards of the constituents, formulated as empirical thermodynamic potential functions and, except for humid air, endorsed as Releases of the International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS). Details of the implementation in the TEOS-10 SIA library are given in a companion paper.

scholarly journals Numerical implementation and oceanographic application of the thermodynamic potentials of water, vapour, ice, seawater and air – Part 1: Background and equations

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 521-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Feistel ◽  
D. G. Wright ◽  
D. R. Jackett ◽  
K. Miyagawa ◽  
J. H. Reissmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapour ◽  
International Association ◽  
Companion Paper ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Adoption Process ◽  
Mathematical Methods ◽  
Humid Air ◽  
Thermodynamic Potentials ◽  
Primary Standards

Abstract. A new seawater standard referred to as the International Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10) was adopted in June 2009 by UNESCO/IOC on its 25th General Assembly in Paris, as recommended by the SCOR/IAPSO Working Group 127 (WG127) on Thermodynamics and Equation of State of Seawater. To support the adoption process, WG127 has developed a comprehensive source code library for the thermodynamic properties of liquid water, water vapour, ice, seawater and humid air, referred to as the Sea-Ice-Air (SIA) library. Here we present the background information and equations required for the determination of the properties of single phases and components as well as of phase transitions and composite systems as implemented in the library. All results are based on rigorous mathematical methods applied to the Primary Standards of the constituents, formulated as empirical thermodynamic potential functions and, except for humid air, endorsed as Releases of the International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS). Details of the implementation in the TEOS-10 SIA library are given in a companion paper.

scholarly journals Development of thermodynamic potentials for fluid water, ice and seawater: a new standard for oceanography

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Feistel ◽  
D. G. Wright ◽  
K. Miyagawa ◽  
J. Hruby ◽  
D. R. Jackett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
International Association ◽  
Potential Functions ◽  
Double Precision ◽  
Mathematical Functions ◽  
Water Ice ◽  
Thermodynamic Potentials ◽  
Uncertainty Estimates ◽  
Anchor Points ◽  
Accurate Experimental Data

Abstract. A new seawater standard has been developed for oceanographic and engineering applications that consists of three independent thermodynamic potential functions, derived from extended distinct sets of very accurate experimental data. The results have been formulated as Releases of the International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam, IAPWS (1996, 2006, 2008) and are to be adopted internationally by other organizations in subsequent years. In order to successfully perform computations such as phase equilibria from combinations of these potential functions, mutual compatibility and consistency of these independent mathematical functions must be ensured. In this article, a brief review of their separate development and ranges of validity is given. We analyse background details on the conditions specified at their reference states, the triple point and the standard ocean state, to ensure the mutual consistency of the different formulations, and we consider the necessity and possibility of numerically evaluating metastable states of liquid water. Computed from this formulation in quadruple precision (128 bit floating point numbers), tables of numerical reference values are provided as anchor points for the consistent incorporation of additional potential functions in the future, and as unambiguous benchmarks to be used in the determination of numerical uncertainty estimates of double-precision implementations on different platforms that may be customized for special purposes.

scholarly journals Mutually consistent thermodynamic potentials for fluid water, ice and seawater: a new standard for oceanography

Ocean Science ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 275-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Feistel ◽  
D. G. Wright ◽  
K. Miyagawa ◽  
A. H. Harvey ◽  
J. Hruby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
International Association ◽  
Potential Functions ◽  
Double Precision ◽  
Mathematical Functions ◽  
Water Ice ◽  
Thermodynamic Potentials ◽  
Uncertainty Estimates ◽  
Anchor Points ◽  
Accurate Experimental Data

Abstract. A new seawater standard for oceanographic and engineering applications has been developed that consists of three independent thermodynamic potential functions, derived from extensive distinct sets of very accurate experimental data. The results have been formulated as Releases of the International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam, IAPWS (1996, 2006, 2008) and are expected to be adopted internationally by other organizations in subsequent years. In order to successfully perform computations such as phase equilibria from combinations of these potential functions, mutual compatibility and consistency of these independent mathematical functions must be ensured. In this article, a brief review of their separate development and ranges of validity is given. We analyse background details on the conditions specified at their reference states, the triple point and the standard ocean state, to ensure the mutual consistency of the different formulations, and the necessity and possibility of numerically evaluating metastable states of liquid water. Computed from this formulation in quadruple precision (128-bit floating point numbers), tables of numerical reference values are provided as anchor points for the consistent incorporation of additional potential functions in the future, and as unambiguous benchmarks to be used in the determination of numerical uncertainty estimates of double-precision implementations on different platforms that may be customized for special purposes.

scholarly journals TO THE 75th ANNIVERSARY OF E.G. Morozov

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-163
Author(s):  
S. M. Shapovalov
Keyword(s):  
Internal Waves ◽  
Executive Committee ◽  
International Association ◽  
World Ocean ◽  
Hydrological Processes ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Physical Sciences ◽  
Russian Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

March 15, 2021 Chief Researcher, Head of the Laboratory of Hydrological Processes of the P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, DSc, ex-president of the International Association for Physical Ocean Sciences (IAPSO) Evgeny Morozov is 75 years old. E.G. Morozov is a prominent scientist and organizer of world-class science in the field of studying the temporal and spatial variability of hydrological processes and internal waves in a wide range of scales. He was the first to build a map of the amplitudes of tidal internal waves of the World Ocean. His monograph “Oceanic Internal Waves” published in 1985 in Russian, as well as his article “Semidiurnal internal wave global field”, published in the Deep Sea Research in 1995, are among the most cited on the problem of internal tidal waves. Unique results were obtained by E.G. Morozov in the study of internal waves in the Arctic, including under the ice and near the front of glaciers sliding into the ocean on Spitsbergen. He made a significant contribution to the study of various currents: the Gulf Stream, the Kuroshio and their rings, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, the California Current, the Falkland Current, the Lomonosov and Tareev subsurface equatorial currents. Since 1999 he has been a member of the Executive Committee of the International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Ocean (IAPSO) and since 2011 he has been elected President of the IAPSO, represented the IAPSO in this capacity on the Executive Committee of the International Geodetic and Geophysical Union (IUGG) and on the Executive Committee of the Scientific Committee on Oceanic research (SCOR). E.G. Morozov is the chairman of the Ocean Physical Sciences Section of the National Geophysical Committee of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

scholarly journals Global variability in seawater Mg:Ca and Sr:Ca ratios in the modern ocean

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (36) ◽  
pp. 22281-22292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Lebrato ◽  
Dieter Garbe-Schönberg ◽  
Marius N. Müller ◽  
Sonia Blanco-Ameijeiras ◽  
Richard A. Feely ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
International Association ◽  
Open Ocean ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
Marine Environments ◽  
Physical Sciences ◽  
Seawater Chemistry ◽  
Sr:Ca Ratios ◽  
Biogeochemical Parameters ◽  
Dynamic Exchange

Seawater Mg:Ca and Sr:Ca ratios are biogeochemical parameters reflecting the Earth–ocean–atmosphere dynamic exchange of elements. The ratios’ dependence on the environment and organisms' biology facilitates their application in marine sciences. Here, we present a measured single-laboratory dataset, combined with previous data, to test the assumption of limited seawater Mg:Ca and Sr:Ca variability across marine environments globally. High variability was found in open-ocean upwelling and polar regions, shelves/neritic and river-influenced areas, where seawater Mg:Ca and Sr:Ca ratios range from ∼4.40 to 6.40 mmol:mol and ∼6.95 to 9.80 mmol:mol, respectively. Open-ocean seawater Mg:Ca is semiconservative (∼4.90 to 5.30 mol:mol), while Sr:Ca is more variable and nonconservative (∼7.70 to 8.80 mmol:mol); both ratios are nonconservative in coastal seas. Further, the Ca, Mg, and Sr elemental fluxes are connected to large total alkalinity deviations from International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans (IAPSO) standard values. Because there is significant modern seawater Mg:Ca and Sr:Ca ratios variability across marine environments we cannot absolutely assume that fossil archives using taxa-specific proxies reflect true global seawater chemistry but rather taxa- and process-specific ecosystem variations, reflecting regional conditions. This variability could reconcile secular seawater Mg:Ca and Sr:Ca ratio reconstructions using different taxa and techniques by assuming an error of 1 to 1.50 mol:mol, and 1 to 1.90 mmol:mol, respectively. The modern ratios’ variability is similar to the reconstructed rise over 20 Ma (Neogene Period), nurturing the question of seminonconservative behavior of Ca, Mg, and Sr over modern Earth geological history with an overlooked environmental effect.

SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHING:DOE Builds a Web Site for the Physical Sciences

Science ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 285 (5429) ◽  
pp. 811a-811
Author(s):  
E. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Web Site ◽  
Physical Sciences
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