scholarly journals Subsidence associated with oil extraction, measured from time series analysis of Sentinel-1 data: case study of the Patos-Marinza oil field, Albania

Solid Earth ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-378
Author(s):  
Marianne Métois ◽  
Mouna Benjelloun ◽  
Cécile Lasserre ◽  
Raphaël Grandin ◽  
Laurie Barrier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Time Series Analysis ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Surface Deformation ◽  
Oil Extraction ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Surface Strain ◽  
Radar Images ◽  
Reservoir Compaction ◽  
Series Analysis

Abstract. The Patos-Marinza oil field in central Albania (40.71∘ N, 19.61∘ E), operated since 1939, is one of the largest onshore oil fields in Europe. More than 7 million oil barrels are extracted every year from the Messinian sandstone formations of the Durres Basin in the Albanian Peri-Adriatic Depression by the Bankers Petroleum Ltd. (hereafter Bankers), which has been operating the field since 2004. In this study, we take advantage of the new Sentinel-1 radar images acquired every 6 to 12 d over Albania to measure the surface displacement in the Myzeqeja plain and in the Patos-Marinza oil field in particular. Images from two ascending and descending tracks covering the area are processed through a radar interferometry (InSAR) time series analysis over the 2014 to 2018 time span, providing consistent average line-of-sight (LOS) velocity maps and displacement time series. The regional deformation field exhibits a slow subsidence of the entire basin relative to the highlands (at rates of 2.5 mm yr−1) that we interpret as a combination of natural and human-induced compaction. This broad picture is complicated by a very strong local subsidence signal with rates as high as 15 mm yr−1 that spatially correlates with the Patos-Marinza oil field and is maximal in the zone holding most of the operating wells, where enhanced oil recovery techniques are used. The striking spatial correlation between the maximum subsidence area and the active wells, as seen from optical images, argues in favor of surface deformation induced by oil extraction. This deformation is well reproduced by elastic models mimicking the basin and reservoir compaction using planar negative tensile (closing) dislocations. Such modeling provides a first-order estimation of the volumetric deflation rate in the oil reservoir (∼0.2 Mm3 yr−1), and it suggests that concurrent injection activity has been conducted in the central part of the field where small uplift is observed. Our new InSAR-derived evidence of significant surface strain associated with the oil field operations raises the question of the potential impact of these operations on the local seismicity. A slight increase in the nearby released seismic moment rate seems to be observed since 2009, shortly after the oil field reactivation. However, without further seismological monitoring of the area and longer InSAR time series, this question will remain open.

scholarly journals Subsidence associated with oil extraction, measured from time-series analysis of Sentinel-1 data: case study of the Patos-Marinza oil field, Albania

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne Métois ◽  
Mouna Benjelloun ◽  
Cécile Lasserre ◽  
Raphael Grandin ◽  
Laurie Barrier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Time Series Analysis ◽  
Surface Deformation ◽  
Oil Extraction ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Radar Images ◽  
Reservoir Compaction ◽  
Series Analysis ◽  
Stress Changes ◽  
Background Seismicity

Abstract. The Patos-Marinza oil field in Central Albania (40.71° N,19.61° E), operated since 1939, is one of the largest onshore fields in Europe. More than 7 millions oil barrels are extracted per year from the Messinian sandstone formations of the Durres Basin in the Albanian Peri-Adriatic Depression by the Bankers company operating the field since 2004. In the region, the background seismicity culminated in December 2016, when a shallow seismic swarm developed in the oil field, damaging houses and triggering the opening of a public inquiry. However, because of the lack of a dense local seismic array and incompleteness of historical catalogues for such moderate events, understanding whether this seismicity could be induced by the extraction/injection activities is an arduous task. In this study, we take advantage of the new Sentinel-1 radar images acquired every 6 to 12 days over Albania to measure the surface displacement in the Myzeqeja plain and in the Patos-Marinza oil field in particular. Images from two ascending and descending tracks covering the area are processed through a radar interferometry (InSAR) time-series analysis over the 2014 to 2018 time-span, providing consistent average Line-Of-Sight velocity maps and displacement time-series. The regional deformation field exhibits a slow subsidence of the entire sedimentary basin relative to the highlands (at rates of 2.5 mm/yr), that we interpret as a combination of natural and man-induced compaction. This broad picture is complicated by a very strong local subsidence signal with rates as high as 15 mm/yr that spatially correlates with the Patos-Marinza oil field and is maximal in the zone holding most of the operating horizontal wells, where Enhanced Oil Recovery techniques are used. The striking spatial correlation between the maximum subsidence area and the active wells, as seen from optical images, argues in favor of an oil-extraction induced surface deformation. The observed surface deformation is well reproduced by elastic models mimicking the basin and reservoir compaction using planar crack dislocations. Such modeling provides a first-order estimation of the volumetric deflation rate in the oil reservoir (~ 0.2 Mm3/yr). This strong subsidence signal, together with the increase of the background seismicity since the oil field reactivation, are evidences of significant man-induced stress changes in the basin that should be further monitored and taken into account for seismic hazard assessment.

scholarly journals Land Subsidence Monitoring in Azar Oil Field Based on Time Series Analysis

Proceedings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 2
Author(s):  
Zahra Mirzaii ◽  
Mahdi Hasanlou ◽  
Sami Samieie-Esfahany ◽  
Mahdi Rojhani ◽  
Parviz Ajourlou
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Time Series Analysis ◽  
Satellite Images ◽  
Oil Extraction ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Displacement Rate ◽  
Oil Exploration ◽  
Maximum Displacement ◽  
Series Analysis ◽  
Persistent Scatterers

Azar oil field is located to the east of the city of Mehran, Ilam. The tank of this oil field is shared by Iraq’s oil field whose name is Badra where oil extraction started in 2014, and they have maximized its oil exploration since 2017. Iran started oil exploration in 2017. In this study, we estimated the land surface deformation in Azar oil field using persistent scattering interferometry (PSI) in order to determine the corresponding subsidence source. PSI is a method of time series analysis used to measure various surface deformations. The Stanford Method for Persistent Scatterers (StaMPS) package was employed to process 50 ascending Sentinel-1A satellite images collected between 2016 and 2019, and 50 descending Sentinel-1A satellite images were collected between 2014 and 2019 to extract horizontal and vertical displacement components from the Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) LOS (line-of-sight) displacement. The results showed that the maximum displacement rate in the Iran-Iraq joint oil field between 2016 and 2019 was 15 mm in the vertical direction. Moreover, the maximum displacement rate measured in the horizontal direction was 30 mm. The vertical deformation confirms typical patterns of subsidence caused by oil extraction, and the horizontal deformation occurred due to considerable precipitation events after a drought period, as well as the presence of sand layers at different depths of the earth.

scholarly journals LiCSBAS: An Open-Source InSAR Time Series Analysis Package Integrated with the LiCSAR Automated Sentinel-1 InSAR Processor

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Morishita ◽  
Milan Lazecky ◽  
Tim Wright ◽  
Jonathan Weiss ◽  
John Elliott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Time Series Analysis ◽  
Open Source ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Surface Deformation ◽  
Atmospheric Correction ◽  
Sar Interferometry ◽  
Processing Scheme ◽  
Series Analysis ◽  
Analysis Package

For the past five years, the 2-satellite Sentinel-1 constellation has provided abundant and useful Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data, which have the potential to reveal global ground surface deformation at high spatial and temporal resolutions. However, for most users, fully exploiting the large amount of associated data is challenging, especially over wide areas. To help address this challenge, we have developed LiCSBAS, an open-source SAR interferometry (InSAR) time series analysis package that integrates with the automated Sentinel-1 InSAR processor (LiCSAR). LiCSBAS utilizes freely available LiCSAR products, and users can save processing time and disk space while obtaining the results of InSAR time series analysis. In the LiCSBAS processing scheme, interferograms with many unwrapping errors are automatically identified by loop closure and removed. Reliable time series and velocities are derived with the aid of masking using several noise indices. The easy implementation of atmospheric corrections to reduce noise is achieved with the Generic Atmospheric Correction Online Service for InSAR (GACOS). Using case studies in southern Tohoku and the Echigo Plain, Japan, we demonstrate that LiCSBAS applied to LiCSAR products can detect both large-scale (>100 km) and localized (~km) relative displacements with an accuracy of <1 cm/epoch and ~2 mm/yr. We detect displacements with different temporal characteristics, including linear, periodic, and episodic, in Niigata, Ojiya, and Sanjo City, respectively. LiCSBAS and LiCSAR products facilitate greater exploitation of globally available and abundant SAR datasets and enhance their applications for scientific research and societal benefit.

scholarly journals INSAR TIME SERIES INVESTIGATION OF LAND SURFACE DEFORMATION IN AZAR OIL FIELD

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-4/W18 ◽  
pp. 733-736
Author(s):  
Z. Mirzaii ◽  
M. Hasanlou ◽  
S. Samieie-Esfahany ◽  
M. Rojhani ◽  
P. Ajourlou
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Surface Deformation ◽  
Oil Extraction ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Oil Exploration ◽  
Persistent Scatterer Interferometry ◽  
Maximum Displacement ◽  
Envisat Asar ◽  
Persistent Scatterers

Abstract. Time-series interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) has developed as an influential method to measure various surface deformations. One of the generations of time-series InSAR methodologies is Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) that focuses on targets with a high correlation over time. In this study, we have measured the surface deformation in Azar Oil Field utilizing time series analysis. Azar Oil Field is one of Iran's oil fields. This oil field is located in the east of the city of Mehran, Ilam province. The reservoir of this oil field is shared by Iraq oil field whose name is Badra where oil extraction started in 201409. While Iran started oil exploration in 201709, Iraq has maximized its oil exploration ever since. The subsidence is mainly observed in the vicinity of the oil field. The Stanford Method for Persistent Scatterers (StaMPS) package has been employed to process 20 descending ENVISAT-ASAR images collected between 2003 and 2009, as well as 50 descending Sentinel-1A satellite images collected between 2014 and 2019. Sentinel-1 images bring new improvements due to their wide coverage and high revisiting time, which allows us to make a wide area processing. Due to the high depth of oil wells (4,300 meters), as well as the stone type of the region’s bed in some areas, we needed to calculate the magnitude of subsidence. The results show the maximum displacement rate in this area is 18 mm between 2014 and 2019 in the radar line of sight direction, but no subsidence took place between 2003 and 2009 .The results of the study confirm typical patterns of subsidence induced by oil extraction. Also, since 2017, with the onset of Iran’s oil extraction and the intensification of Iraq's oil exploration, subsidence has taken place with a steeper slope. The displacement of the area before and after this date is modelled with two lines.

scholarly journals TIME SERIES ANALYSIS OF SURFACE DEFORMATION OF BENGALURU CITY USING SENTINEL-1 IMAGES

2018 ◽  
Vol IV-5 ◽  
pp. 473-477
Author(s):  
N. Ittycheria ◽  
D. S. Vaka ◽  
Y. S. Rao
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Time Series Analysis ◽  
Surface Deformation ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Polarization Data ◽  
Persistent Scatterer Interferometry ◽  
Advanced Technique ◽  
Interferometric Technique ◽  
Series Analysis ◽  
Persistent Scatterers

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) is an advanced technique to map ground surface displacements of an area over a period. The technique can measure deformation with a millimeter-level accuracy. It overcomes the limitations of Differential Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (DInSAR) such as geometric, temporal decorrelation and atmospheric variations between master and slave images. In our study, Sentinel-1A Interferometric Wide Swath (IW) mode descending pass images from May 2016 to December 2017 (23 images) are used to identify the stable targets called persistent scatterers (PS) over Bengaluru city. Twenty-two differential interferograms are generated after topographic phase removal using the SRTM 30 m DEM. The main objective of this study is to analyze urban subsidence in Bengaluru city in India using the multi-temporal interferometric technique such as PSI. The pixels with Amplitude Stability Index &amp;geq;<span class="thinspace"></span>0.8 are selected as initial PS candidates (PSC). Later, the PSCs having temporal coherence &amp;gt;<span class="thinspace"></span>0.5 are selected for the time series analysis. The number of PSCs that are identified after final selection are reduced from 59590 to 54474 for VV polarization data and 15611 to 15596 for VH polarization data. It is interesting to note that a very less number of PSC are identified in cross-polarized images (VH). A high number of PSC have identified in co-polarized (VV) images as the vertically oriented urban targets produce a double bounce, which results in a strong return towards the sensor. The velocity maps obtained using VV and VH polarizations show displacement in the range of &amp;plusmn;<span class="thinspace"></span>20<span class="thinspace"></span>mm<span class="thinspace"></span>year<sup>&amp;minus;1</sup>. The subsidence and the upliftment observed in the city shows a linear trend with time. It is observed that the eastern part of Bengaluru city shows more subsidence than the western part.</p>

scholarly journals Optical and microwave observation of forest restoration after abnormal fires

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.V. Dmitriev ◽  
T.N. Chimitdorzhiev ◽  
P.N. Dagurov ◽  
I.I. Kirbizhekova
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Time Series Analysis ◽  
Forest Restoration ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
Radar Images ◽  
Series Analysis ◽  
Microwave Observation ◽  
Principal Possibility

The paper discusses the possibility of a forest undergrowth detecting with help of polarimetric decompositions and time series analysis of ALOS-2/PALSAR-2 and Sentinel-1 radar images. The presented results show principal possibility of confidently identifying the growth of forest stands.

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