scholarly journals Wildlife Trafficking between the European Union and Mexico

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 23-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inés Arroyo-Quiroz ◽  
Tanya Wyatt
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Organised Crime ◽  
Wildlife Trade ◽  
Illegal Trade ◽  
Literature Analysis ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Trade Data ◽  
Physical Environments ◽  
Wildlife Trafficking ◽  
Global Threat

Illegal wildlife trade or wildlife trafficking is a global threat to all kinds of species, not just charismatic megafauna or wildlife in Africa and Asia. This paper presents the findings of an investigation of the illegal trade in native and non-native wildlife and wildlife products between the European Union and Mexico. Using literature analysis, secondary trade data and expert interviews, this study explores the nature and extent of wildlife trafficking between these two regions, including the involvement of organised crime within an eco-global criminological framework. This is important for the regions studied and for the global community more generally, as wildlife trafficking is contributing not only to species extinction, but also to instability, violence and unhealthy physical environments for humans.

Reasonable Accommodation for Age

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-143
Author(s):  
Refia Kaya
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Reasonable Accommodation ◽  
Wide Scope ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Physical Environments ◽  
The Eu

Ensuring equal liberties requires neutral, i.e. impartial, settings where nobody would be deprived of freedom because of their personal characteristics. Religion and disability appear as characteristics which may clash with the existing social and physical environments. Therefore, the necessity of adjusting the existing environment, i.e., reasonable accommodation, is mostly discussed in reference to religion and disability. I aim to discuss reasonable accommodation from a different perspective and ask whether reasonable accommodation should be extended to age issues. I propose that age can lead to differences in conscience or culture like religion. Age can also be a source of dis/ability so it can be compared to accustomed disabilities. Eventually, age may also clash with the existing social and physical environments. I further propose that age is not only similar to but also different from religion and disability when it comes to reasonable accommodation. Therefore, I defend, reasonable accommodation should be extended to age in a special way. The next question then is how age could be accommodated under the European Union (EU) law, especially when we consider that reasonable accommodation law does not have a wide scope in the EU, unlike in Canada.

Europol as the Director and Coordinator of the Joint Investigation Teams

2007 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 313-328
Author(s):  
José Antonio Farah Lopes de Lima
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
National Level ◽  
Organised Crime ◽  
International Terrorism ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Vast Number ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Joint Investigation ◽  
European Arrest Warrant

One of the most serious problems troubling the European Union is the evolution of cross-border crimes and, in particular, international terrorism and organised crime. National law enforcement authorities cannot fight cross-border crimes efficiently if their efforts are made solely on a national level. Since the early 1990s, the (European) political authorities have become increasingly aware of this problem and have taken steps to facilitate the participation of the law enforcement and other relevant personnel from other state(s) in investigating offences. This has resulted in the adoption of a vast number of documents and new instruments (eg the European Arrest Warrant), and the creation of new agencies within the European Union, the aim of which is to facilitate cross-border activities to fight cross-border crimes.

scholarly journals THE COMPETITIVE POSITIONS OF POLAND AND OF THE COUNTRIES OF THE WESTERN BALKANS IN AGRI-FOOD TRADE WITH THE EUROPEAN UNION

AGROFOR ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Łukasz AMBROZIAK
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Coding System ◽  
Western Balkans ◽  
Trade Data ◽  
Food Trade ◽  
Arithmetic Average ◽  
Comparative Advantages ◽  
The Eu

The aim of the paper is to compare the competitive positions of Poland and of sixcountries of the Western Balkans (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia,Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia) in their trade in agri-food products with theEuropean Union (EU) in 2010–2015. To this end, the synthetic tradecompetitiveness index (CI) was created, being the arithmetic average of twonormalised indices of the competitive position, i.e. the trade coverage index (TC)and the Balassa revealed comparative advantages index (RCA). The study is basedon the trade data from the WITS – World Integrated Trade Solution database(Comtrade, HS – Harmonised System 2002), expressed in USD. Agri-foodproducts are understood as products classified in chapters 01–24 of the HarmonisedCommodity Description and Coding System (HS). The research results show thatonly in trade of 5 product groups no country from the Western Balkans competedwith Poland in the EU market. In other product groups which were competitive inPolish exports Poland competed in the EU market with some of the WesternBalkan countries.

scholarly journals Level of development of e-commerce in EU countries

Management ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 209-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janina Jędrzejczak-Gas ◽  
Anetta Barska ◽  
Marianna Siničáková
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Literature Analysis ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Total Trade ◽  
Market Segments ◽  
Willingness To Buy ◽  
The Us ◽  
Research Procedure ◽  
Grouping Method

Summary E-commerce in Europe is becoming increasingly important in all market segments, and in most segments it already accounts for few or even several dozen percent of total trade. According to a report by E-commerce Europe, it has already left the US market behind in 2010. Year by year, the willingness to buy products, which until recently were not treated by many consumers as “online”, such as food products, is growing. Considering the above, the aim of the article is to determine the level of development of e-commerce in the European Union (EU-28). In the research procedure the literature and EUROSTAT data were used. The following research methods were used for data analysis: literature analysis, the Hellwig’s method and the threshold grouping method. The analysis was carried out in two periods, i.e. in 2014 and 2018, which allowed assessing the direction of changes in the surveyed.

Part I General Questions, 2 Transnational Organised Crime: Concepts and Critics

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sinn Arndt
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Organised Crime ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
The Future ◽  
Future Direction

The term ‘transnational organised crime’ is no recent invention, but the legislature first took heed of the phenomenon only thirty years ago. Three external developments contributed to this change: first, the worrying rise of narcotics-related criminal activity; second, the particularly organised way in which these and other crimes were committed; and third, cross-border activity especially in the context of new technology and the opening of borders in the European Union. Transnational organised crime (TOC) is thus a fairly young field of research. The specific structures of perpetrator groups and their methods have been of particular interest to criminologists, while criminal legal scholars have been much slower to react. This chapter gives an overview of the problems in describing, defining, and combating TOC. Key factors that are likely to influence the future direction of organised crime are also named.

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