Why ethical leadership generate moral voice: A dual-route model

Abstract Two lexical decision experiments were conducted to study the recognition of two-character Chinese monomorphemic and compound words by adult native Chinese readers. In Experiment 1, the words appeared non-spaced, whereas in Experiment 2 a space was inserted between the two characters. An interaction between word type and spacing reflects a trend for spacing to slow down the recognition of monomorphemic words and speed up that of compound words. The word frequency effect was steeper for monomorphemic than compound words. The number of strokes in the first and the second character influenced the recognition time for compound words, but not for monomorphemic words. The results are interpreted in the light of the parallel dual route model of morphological processing. The holistic route is more prevalent in recognizing Chinese monomorphemic, while the morphological decomposition route is more prevalent in processing Chinese compound words.

Download Full-text

Dyslexic Subtypes and Literacy Skills in L2 Opaque English

Toegepaste Taalwetenschap in Artikelen ◽

10.1075/ttwia.81.07hai ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 81 ◽

pp. 65-74 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Joyce Haisma

Keyword(s):

Developmental Dyslexia ◽

Literacy Skills ◽

Transparent Orthography ◽

Orthographic Depth ◽

Reverse Pattern ◽

Dual Route ◽

Dual Route Model ◽

Surface Dyslexia

In theory, opaque orthographies should pose more difficulties for people with developmental dyslexia than transparent ones. (Frost, 2005). However, studies (Miller-Guron & Lundberg, 2000; Van der Leij & Morfidi, 2006) show that some people with dyslexia are better at reading L2 English than their L1 transparent orthography. The current study suggests that they have a form of dyslexia known as phonological dyslexia. On the basis of the dual-route model (Coltheart, 2005), it is proposed that membership of a dyslexic subtype - phonological or surface - influences success in dealing with orthographic depth. To test this, Dutch teenagers with phonological and surface dyslexia performed Dutch and English orthographic competence and spelling tasks. The results seem to indicate that people with phonological dyslexia are more successful in reading English as an L2 opaque than Dutch as an L1 transparent orthography; however, in the case of spelling, the reverse pattern is observed.

Download Full-text

A Computational Study into the Evolution of Dual-Route Dynamics for Affective Processing

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience ◽

10.1162/089892903321208132 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 194-208 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Paul den Dulk ◽

Bram T. Heerebout ◽

R. Hans Phaf

Keyword(s):

Neural Network ◽

Neural Networks ◽

Cognitive Neuroscience ◽

Computational Study ◽

Avoidance Reaction ◽

Affective Processing ◽

Dual Processing ◽

Dual Route ◽

Dual Route Model ◽

Artificial World

The evolutionary justification by LeDoux (1996) for his dual-route model of fear processing was analyzed computationally by applying genetic algorithms to artificial neural networks. The evolution was simulated of a neural network controlling an agent that gathered food in an artificial world and that was occasionally menaced by a predator. Connections could not change in the agent's “lifetime,” so there was no learning in the simulations. Only if the smells of food and predator were hard to distinguish and the fitness reflected time pressures in escaping from the predator did the type of dual processing postulated by LeDoux emerge in the surviving agents. Processing in the “quick and dirty” pathway of the fear system ensured avoidance of both predators and food, but a distinction between food and predator was made only in the long pathway. Elaborate processing inhibited the avoidance reaction and reversed it into an approach reaction to food, but strengthened the avoidance reaction to predators (and more finely tuned the direction of escape). It is suggested that “computational neuroethology” (Beer, 1990) may help constrain reasoning in evolutionary psychology, particularly when applied to specific neurobiological models, and in the future may even generate new hypotheses for cognitive neuroscience.

Download Full-text

Preserved Imitation of Known Gestures in Children with High-Functioning Autism

ISRN Neurology ◽

10.1155/2013/751516 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Joana C. Carmo ◽

Raffaella I. Rumiati ◽

Roma Siugzdaite ◽

Paolo Brambilla

Keyword(s):

High Functioning Autism ◽

Children With Autism ◽

Typically Developing ◽

Typically Developing Children ◽

High Functioning ◽

Action Imitation ◽

Dual Route ◽

Dual Route Model ◽

Transitive Gestures ◽

Better Than

It has been suggested that children with autism are particularly deficient at imitating novel gestures or gestures without goals. In the present study, we asked high-functioning autistic children and age-matched typically developing children to imitate several types of gestures that could be either already known or novel to them. Known gestures either conveyed a communicative meaning (i.e., intransitive) or involved the use of objects (i.e., transitive). We observed a significant interaction between gesture type and group of participants, with children with autism performing known gestures better than novel gestures. However, imitation of intransitive and transitive gestures did not differ across groups. These findings are discussed in light of a dual-route model for action imitation.

Download Full-text

Developmental dyslexia and the dual route model of reading: Simulating individual differences and subtypes

Cognition ◽

10.1016/j.cognition.2007.09.004 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 107 (1) ◽

pp. 151-178 ◽

Cited By ~ 125

Author(s):

Johannes C. Ziegler ◽

Caroline Castel ◽

Catherine Pech-Georgel ◽

Florence George ◽

F-Xavier Alario ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Developmental Dyslexia ◽

Dual Route ◽

Dual Route Model

Download Full-text

Dual-route model of the effect of head orientation on perceived gaze direction.

Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance ◽

10.1037/a0036151 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 40 (4) ◽

pp. 1425-1439 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Yumiko Otsuka ◽

Isabelle Mareschal ◽

Andrew J. Calder ◽

Colin W. G. Clifford

Keyword(s):

Gaze Direction ◽

Head Orientation ◽

Dual Route ◽

Dual Route Model

Download Full-text

Effects of Mixed versus Blocked Design on Stimulus Evaluation: Combining Underadditive Effects

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.2003.97.1.45 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 97 (1) ◽

pp. 45-56 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Menno van der Schoot ◽

Sander A. Los ◽

Fren T. Y. Smulders ◽

Albert Kok

Keyword(s):

Stimulus Response ◽

Spatial Stimulus ◽

Stimulus Evaluation ◽

Single Block ◽

Dual Route ◽

Design Type ◽

Dual Route Model ◽

Additional Support ◽

Alternative Routes ◽

Stimulus Degradation

According to the asynchronous discrete coding model of Miller, two manipulations should display underadditive effects on reaction time if they slow down noncontingent stages associated with the processing of two separable dimensions of a stimulus. Under additive effects are also predicted by a dual route model when a task variable is factorially varied with design type (mixed vs blocked). Interpretations of both underadditive effects and their combination were evaluated. Intact and degraded stimuli were presented to 18 young adults either in a single block (mixed) or in separate blocks (blocked). Spatial stimulus-response (S-R) compatibility was manipulated in all conditions. Stimulus degradation and S-R compatibility interacted underadditively, but only in blocked presentations. Both interpretations of underadditive effects were supported. Eye-movement registrations provided additional support for the alternative routes model.

Download Full-text

Compositional production in Spanish second language conjugation

Bilingualism Language and Cognition ◽

10.1017/s136672891200065x ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 808-828 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

NORA PRESSON ◽

NURIA SAGARRA ◽

BRIAN MACWHINNEY ◽

JOHN KOWALSKI

Keyword(s):

Second Language ◽

Compositional Analysis ◽

Substantial Improvement ◽

Test Accuracy ◽

Total N ◽

Learner Performance ◽

L2 Learners ◽

Full Form ◽

Dual Route ◽

Dual Route Model

Dual-route models of second language (L2) morphology (Clahsen & Felser, 2006; Ullman, 2004) argue that adult L2 learners rely on full-form retrieval, and therefore cannot use combination to produce inflected forms. We tested this prediction with learning of Spanish verb conjugations. Beginning (Experiment 1) and intermediate (Experiment 2) learners (total N = 816) completed 80–90 minutes of web-based training, conjugating regular and subregular verbs in present and preterite tense. Tests of generalization items showed that training led to substantial improvement, equally for metalinguistic and analogical feedback. Comparison with an untrained group showed that gains were maintained 18 weeks after training. In contrast with dual-route model predictions, pre-test accuracy and learning gains were strongly predicted by conjugation pattern, showing that full-form retrieval was insufficient to explain learner performance. Results indicate that adult L2 learners apply compositional analysis, and that conjugation patterns are learned on the basis of their relative cue validity.

Download Full-text