high functioning
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2022 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie Perin ◽  
Yue Chu ◽  
Francisco Villaviciencio ◽  
Austin Schumacher ◽  
Tyler McCormick ◽  
...  

Abstract Background The mortality pattern from birth to age five is known to vary by underlying cause of mortality, which has been documented in multiple instances. Many countries without high functioning vital registration systems could benefit from estimates of age- and cause-specific mortality to inform health programming, however, to date the causes of under-five death have only been described for broad age categories such as for neonates (0–27 days), infants (0–11 months), and children age 12–59 months. Methods We adapt the log quadratic model to mortality patterns for children under five to all-cause child mortality and then to age- and cause-specific mortality (U5ACSM). We apply these methods to empirical sample registration system mortality data in China from 1996 to 2015. Based on these empirical data, we simulate probabilities of mortality in the case when the true relationships between age and mortality by cause are known. Results We estimate U5ACSM within 0.1–0.7 deaths per 1000 livebirths in hold out strata for life tables constructed from the China sample registration system, representing considerable improvement compared to an error of 1.2 per 1000 livebirths using a standard approach. This improved prediction error for U5ACSM is consistently demonstrated for all-cause as well as pneumonia- and injury-specific mortality. We also consistently identified cause-specific mortality patterns in simulated mortality scenarios. Conclusion The log quadratic model is a significant improvement over the standard approach for deriving U5ACSM based on both simulation and empirical results.


2022 ◽  
pp. 004005992110684
Author(s):  
Shiri Ayvazo ◽  
Alit Brill ◽  
Karen Samuel Magal

Problem-solving is a skill of fundamental importance for populations with developmental delays, and especially for students with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Training students with ASD to solve ill-defined problems is a challenging objective for educational and therapeutic teams. This is due to the myriad of unpredictable situations presented during the school day and the various responses, socially appropriate or inappropriate, that may be emitted to solve one's problem. The purpose of this paper is to present a systematic clinical behavioral program named the Problem Solver (PS) specifically designed to teach problem-solving to high-functioning students with ASD. The authors detail the three stages of the PS program (i.e., determining a set of problems and solutions for each student, skill acquisition and practice, and implementation of whole-class token economy). The authors conclude with recommendations for successful implementation in school settings.


Author(s):  
Christine K. Syriopoulou-Delli ◽  
Eirini Pasoula

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder are characterised by difficulties in social communication, by restricted, repetitive behaviour and interests. Autism is a highly heterogeneous disorder; high-functioning individuals with autism have average or higher intelligence and superficially normal language skills. The lack of intellectual disability does not mean that they can overcome inherent difficulties in social communication and interaction. They struggle to negotiate social interactions and manage daily tasks in a neurotypical world. They are at risk of experiencing mental health difficulties compared to general population. One of the most common mental health difficulties co-occurring with high-functioning autism is anxiety, which is associated with poor individual, family, and social outcomes. The chapter reviews studies on the contributing factors to anxiety in high-functioning autism. Psychological, cognitive, and social factors seem to be important, while there are indications for the existence of some neurobiological basis. It also considers ideas as to how to tackle anxiety.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorota Zaworska-Nikoniuk

Artykuł prezentuje trudności diagnostyczne związane z nietypowym przebiegiem problemowego picia alkoholu wśród osób wysokofunkcjonujuących (HFA - ang. High Functioning Alcoholics), które nie spełniają często przez kilkanaście lat kryteriów diagnostycznych klasyfikacji DSM-V(Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders), choć cierpią z powodu symptomów nadmiernego picia. Korzystając z koncepcji Sarah Alen Benton wskazuje na typologię cech charakterystycznych dla tej grupy osób oraz czynniki ryzyka picia problemowego, uwidaczniających się w poszczególnych okresach życia, umożliwiające wczesną identyfikację symptomów rozwoju uzależnienia. Wskazuje przy tym na zmianę paradygmatów medycznych w podejściu do picia problemowego: z paradygmatu abstytencji zakładającego nieuleczalność choroby alkoholowej opierającej terapię na dożywotnim zaprzestaniu picia alkohol inspirowanym modelem ruchu Anonimowych Alkoholików, na  paradygmat redukcji szkód  ukazujący progresywny i przewlekły charakter wspomnianej choroby opierający terapię na naucę picia kontrolowanego. W podejściu terapeutycznym proponowanym pijącym problemowo osobom wysokofunkcjonującym stosowane są oba podejścia.  


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1307
Author(s):  
Stephen T. Foldes ◽  
Amanda R. Jensen ◽  
Austin Jacobson ◽  
Sarah Vassall ◽  
Emily Foldes ◽  
...  

Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is associated with anxiety and sleep problems. We investigated transdermal electrical neuromodulation (TEN) of the cervical nerves in the neck as a safe, effective, comfortable and non-pharmacological therapy for decreasing anxiety and enhancing sleep quality in ASD. Methods: In this blinded, sham-controlled study, seven adolescents and young adults with high-functioning ASD underwent five consecutive treatment days, one day of the sham followed by four days of subthreshold TEN for 20 min. Anxiety-provoking cognitive tasks were performed after the sham/TEN. Measures of autonomic nervous system activity, including saliva α-amylase and cortisol, electrodermal activity, and heart rate variability, were collected from six participants. Results: Self-rated and caretaker-rated measures of anxiety were significantly improved with TEN treatment as compared to the sham, with effect sizes ranging from medium to large depending on the rating scale. Sleep scores from caretaker questionnaires also improved, but not significantly. Performance on two of the three anxiety-provoking cognitive tasks and heart rate variability significantly improved with TEN stimulation as compared to the sham. Four of the seven (57%) participants were responders, defined as a ≥ 30% improvement in self-reported anxiety. Salivary α-amylase decreased with more TEN sessions and decreased from the beginning to the end of the session on TEN days for responders. TEN was well-tolerated without significant adverse events. Conclusions: This study provides preliminary evidence that TEN is well-tolerated in individuals with ASD and can improve anxiety.


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