EFECTOS DE VARIAR LA PROBABILIDAD DE LAS REVERSIONES EN DESCUENTO DEMORADO Y DEMORA DE LA GRATIFICACIÓN EFFECTS OF MODULATING THE PROBABILITY OF REINFORCEMENT OF REVERSION RESPONSES IN DELAY DISCOUNTING AND DELAY OF GRATIFICATION

2018 ◽  
pp. 25-45
Author(s):  
Raúl Ávila ◽  
Violeta Olguín ◽  
Emmanuel Castro ◽  
Migdalia Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Delay Discounting ◽  
Delay Of Gratification

scholarly journals Changes in cocaine consumption are associated with fluctuations in self-reported impulsivity and gambling decision-making

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (14) ◽  
pp. 3097-3110 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Hulka ◽  
M. Vonmoos ◽  
K. H. Preller ◽  
M. R. Baumgartner ◽  
E. Seifritz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Delay Discounting ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Iowa Gambling Task ◽  
Delay Of Gratification ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Cocaine Use ◽  
Group Time ◽  
Cognitive Impulsivity ◽  
Cocaine Users

Background.In cross-sectional studies, cocaine users generally display elevated levels of self-reported and cognitive impulsivity. To what extent these impairments are stable v. variable markers of cocaine use disorder, and, thus, are pre-existing or drug-induced, has not yet been systematically investigated.Method.We conducted a longitudinal study with cocaine users who changed or maintained their consumption intensity, measuring self-reported impulsivity with the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11), and cognitive impulsivity with the Rapid Visual Processing task (RVP), Iowa Gambling task (IGT), and Delay Discounting task (DD) at baseline and at 1-year follow-up. We assessed 48 psychostimulant-naive controls and 19 cocaine users with decreased, 19 users with increased, and 19 users with unchanged cocaine intake after 1 year as confirmed by hair analysis.Results.Results of linear multilevel modelling showed significant group × time interactions for the BIS-11 total score and the IGT total card ratio. Increasers showed a trend for elevated scores, whereas decreasers exhibited reduced self-reported impulsivity scores within 1 year. Surprisingly, increasers’ IGT performance was improved after 1 year, whereas decreasers’ performance deteriorated. By contrast, neither RVP response bias B″ nor DD total score showed substantial group × time interactions. Importantly, BIS-11 and DD revealed strong test–retest reliabilities.Conclusion.Self-reported impulsivity (BIS-11) and decision-making impulsivity (IGT) covary with changing cocaine use, whereas response bias and delay discounting remain largely unaffected. Thus, self-reported impulsivity and gambling decision-making were strongly state-dependent in a stimulant-using population and may be suitable to monitor treatment success, whereas delay of gratification was confirmed as a potential endophenotype of stimulant addiction.

Delay of gratification and delay discounting in rats

2002 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brady Reynolds ◽  
Harriet de Wit ◽  
Jerry B. Richards
Keyword(s):  
Delay Discounting ◽  
Delay Of Gratification

Cognitive Reflection Effects on Time Discounting

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michał Białek ◽  
Przemysław Sawicki
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Individual Difference ◽  
Delay Discounting ◽  
Reference Point ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Cognitive Reflection Test ◽  
Process Information ◽  
Time Discounting ◽  
Cognitive Reflection ◽  
The Way

Abstract. In this work, we investigated individual differences in cognitive reflection effects on delay discounting – a preference for smaller sooner over larger later payoff. People are claimed to prefer more these alternatives they considered first – so-called reference point – over the alternatives they considered later. Cognitive reflection affects the way individuals process information, with less reflective individuals relying predominantly on the first information they consider, thus, being more susceptible to reference points as compared to more reflective individuals. In Experiment 1, we confirmed that individuals who scored high on the Cognitive Reflection Test discount less strongly than less reflective individuals, but we also show that such individuals are less susceptible to imposed reference points. Experiment 2 replicated these findings additionally providing evidence that cognitive reflection predicts discounting strength and (in)dependency to reference points over and above individual difference in numeracy.

Delay Discounting in Impulsive Behavior

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 312-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Moreira ◽  
Fernando Barbosa
Keyword(s):  
Delay Discounting ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Cochrane Collaboration ◽  
Initial Assessment ◽  
Impulsive Behavior ◽  
Manual Search ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
The Future

Abstract. Delay discounting (DD) is the process of devaluing results that happen in the future. With this review, we intend to identify specificities in the processes of DD in impulsive behavior. Studies were retrieved from multiple literature databases, through rigorous criteria (we included systematic reviews and empirical studies with adult human subjects), following the procedures of the Cochrane Collaboration initiative. Of the 174 documents obtained, 19 were considered eligible for inclusion and were retained for in-depth analysis. In addition, 13 studies from the manual search were included. Thus, a total of 32 studies were selected for review. The objectives/hypotheses, results, and the main conclusion(s) were extracted from each study. Results show that people with pronounced traits of impulsivity discount rewards more markedly, that is, they prefer immediate rewards, though of less value, or postponed losses, even though they worsen in the future. Taken together, the existing data suggest the importance of inserting DD as a tool for initial assessment in conjunction with measures of addiction and stress level, as well as the consideration of new therapies.

Relationships among academic procrastination, psychological flexibility, and delay discounting.

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 315-326
Author(s):  
Kylie R. Sutcliffe ◽  
Ben Sedley ◽  
Maree J. Hunt ◽  
Anne C. Macaskill
Keyword(s):  
Delay Discounting ◽  
Psychological Flexibility ◽  
Academic Procrastination
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