Delay of Gratification and Delay Discounting: A Unifying Feedback Model of Delay-Related Impulsive Behavior

2005 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brady Reynolds ◽  
Ryan Schiffbauer
Keyword(s):  
Delay Discounting ◽  
Delay Of Gratification ◽  
Impulsive Behavior ◽  
Feedback Model

Delay Discounting in Impulsive Behavior

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 312-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Moreira ◽  
Fernando Barbosa
Keyword(s):  
Delay Discounting ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Cochrane Collaboration ◽  
Initial Assessment ◽  
Impulsive Behavior ◽  
Manual Search ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
The Future

Abstract. Delay discounting (DD) is the process of devaluing results that happen in the future. With this review, we intend to identify specificities in the processes of DD in impulsive behavior. Studies were retrieved from multiple literature databases, through rigorous criteria (we included systematic reviews and empirical studies with adult human subjects), following the procedures of the Cochrane Collaboration initiative. Of the 174 documents obtained, 19 were considered eligible for inclusion and were retained for in-depth analysis. In addition, 13 studies from the manual search were included. Thus, a total of 32 studies were selected for review. The objectives/hypotheses, results, and the main conclusion(s) were extracted from each study. Results show that people with pronounced traits of impulsivity discount rewards more markedly, that is, they prefer immediate rewards, though of less value, or postponed losses, even though they worsen in the future. Taken together, the existing data suggest the importance of inserting DD as a tool for initial assessment in conjunction with measures of addiction and stress level, as well as the consideration of new therapies.

scholarly journals Associations between a one-shot delay discounting measure and age, income, education and real-world impulsive behavior

2009 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 973-978 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stian Reimers ◽  
Elizabeth A. Maylor ◽  
Neil Stewart ◽  
Nick Chater
Keyword(s):  
Delay Discounting ◽  
Real World ◽  
Impulsive Behavior

scholarly journals Patient children are less likely to share with unknown children

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gladys Barragan-Jason ◽  
Astrid Hopfensitz
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Old French ◽  
Dictator Game ◽  
Delay Of Gratification ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Prosocial Behaviors ◽  
Impulsive Behavior ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Non Linear

Abstract Human prosociality is a valuable but also deeply puzzling trait. While several studies suggest that prosociality is an instinctive and impulsive behavior, others argue that patience and self-control are necessary to develop prosocial behaviors. Yet, prosociality and patience in children have rarely been studied jointly. Here, we measured patience (i.e. delay-of-gratification) and prosociality (i.e. giving in a dictator game to a known or unknown partner) in 250 4- to 6-year-old French schoolchildren. We found that sharing with an unknown partner was negatively linked to patience in children but observed no relationship between patience and sharing with a familiar partner. Taken together, our results support the hypothesis that children are intuitively prosocial independent of strategic concerns and that patience is therefore not necessary to act prosocially during early childhood. Future studies investigating whether and why prosociality show a non-linear developmental trajectory across the lifespan are warranted.

scholarly journals Addictive use of digital devices in young children: Associations with delay discounting, self-control and academic performance

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0253058
Author(s):  
Tim Schulz van Endert
Keyword(s):  
Academic Performance ◽  
Academic Success ◽  
Delay Discounting ◽  
Intertemporal Choice ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Personality Factors ◽  
Impulsive Behavior ◽  
Digital Devices ◽  
Adolescents And Adults ◽  
The Relationship

The use of smartphones, tablets and laptops/PCs has become ingrained in adults’ and increasingly in children’s lives, which has sparked a debate about the risk of addiction to digital devices. Previous research has linked specific use of digital devices (e.g. online gaming, smartphone screen time) with impulsive behavior in the context of intertemporal choice among adolescents and adults. However, not much is known about children’s addictive behavior towards digital devices and its relationship to personality factors and academic performance. This study investigated the associations between addictive use of digital devices, self-reported usage duration, delay discounting, self-control and academic success in children aged 10 to 13. Addictive use of digital devices was positively related to delay discounting, but self-control confounded the relationship between the two variables. Furthermore, self-control and self-reported usage duration but not the degree of addictive use predicted the most recent grade average. These findings indicate that children’s problematic behavior towards digital devices compares to other maladaptive behaviors (e.g. substance abuse, pathological gambling) in terms of impulsive choice and point towards the key role self-control seems to play in lowering a potential risk of digital addiction.

Inhibitory Control Contributes to “Motor”- but not “Cognitive”- Impulsivity

2013 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 324-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Jane Caswell ◽  
Michael John Morgan ◽  
Theodora Duka
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Delay Of Gratification ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Impulsive Behavior ◽  
Generation Task ◽  
Motor Impulsivity

Literature on impulsivity regularly claims inhibitory control deficits underlie impulsive behavior. The current study investigated whether taxing inhibitory control will increase reflection (decision making under conditions of uncertainty), temporal (delay of gratification), and motor impulsivity (behavioral disinhibition). Inhibitory control was challenged, via a random letter generation task presented during responding to three impulsivity measures: the Information Sampling Task (IST), Single Key Impulsivity Paradigm, and the Stop Signal Task (SST). Participants (n = 33) were assigned to the inhibitory control challenging (experimental) condition, or to a control condition in which inhibitory control was not challenged. The SST was affected by the inhibitory control challenge: participants in the experimental condition displayed increased motor impulsivity, evidenced in longer stop signal reaction times (SSRTs) compared to the control group. The manipulation did not affect reflection- or temporal- impulsivity measures. These data support the suggestion that the mechanisms underlying the motor subtype of impulsivity are dissociable from the temporal and reflection subtypes, and that engagement of inhibitory control is not necessary to prevent impulsive decision making.

scholarly journals Changes in cocaine consumption are associated with fluctuations in self-reported impulsivity and gambling decision-making

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (14) ◽  
pp. 3097-3110 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Hulka ◽  
M. Vonmoos ◽  
K. H. Preller ◽  
M. R. Baumgartner ◽  
E. Seifritz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Delay Discounting ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Iowa Gambling Task ◽  
Delay Of Gratification ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Cocaine Use ◽  
Group Time ◽  
Cognitive Impulsivity ◽  
Cocaine Users

Background.In cross-sectional studies, cocaine users generally display elevated levels of self-reported and cognitive impulsivity. To what extent these impairments are stable v. variable markers of cocaine use disorder, and, thus, are pre-existing or drug-induced, has not yet been systematically investigated.Method.We conducted a longitudinal study with cocaine users who changed or maintained their consumption intensity, measuring self-reported impulsivity with the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11), and cognitive impulsivity with the Rapid Visual Processing task (RVP), Iowa Gambling task (IGT), and Delay Discounting task (DD) at baseline and at 1-year follow-up. We assessed 48 psychostimulant-naive controls and 19 cocaine users with decreased, 19 users with increased, and 19 users with unchanged cocaine intake after 1 year as confirmed by hair analysis.Results.Results of linear multilevel modelling showed significant group × time interactions for the BIS-11 total score and the IGT total card ratio. Increasers showed a trend for elevated scores, whereas decreasers exhibited reduced self-reported impulsivity scores within 1 year. Surprisingly, increasers’ IGT performance was improved after 1 year, whereas decreasers’ performance deteriorated. By contrast, neither RVP response bias B″ nor DD total score showed substantial group × time interactions. Importantly, BIS-11 and DD revealed strong test–retest reliabilities.Conclusion.Self-reported impulsivity (BIS-11) and decision-making impulsivity (IGT) covary with changing cocaine use, whereas response bias and delay discounting remain largely unaffected. Thus, self-reported impulsivity and gambling decision-making were strongly state-dependent in a stimulant-using population and may be suitable to monitor treatment success, whereas delay of gratification was confirmed as a potential endophenotype of stimulant addiction.

scholarly journals Appetite-Regulating Hormone Ghrelin Predicts Decision-Making in Healthy Controls but Not Individuals With Low-Weight Eating Disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A623-A624
Author(s):  
Naila Shiraliyeva ◽  
Madeline Rogers Stull ◽  
Danielle L Kahn ◽  
Lauren Breithaupt ◽  
Meghan Slattery ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Delay Discounting ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Impulsive Behavior ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Preclinical Research ◽  
Low Weight

Abstract Background: Ghrelin is an orexigenic hormone known to regulate appetite, glucose homeostasis, and other food-related functions. The potential role of ghrelin beyond energy homeostasis is not well understood. Ghrelin receptors are evident in the mesolimbic reward pathway, and preclinical research has shown that ghrelin administration increases impulsive behavior and choices in rats. However, little is known about whether and how ghrelin is associated with food-independent behavior and decision-making in humans. We investigated the relationship between ghrelin levels and monetary decision-making using a well-established behavioral paradigm in healthy individuals and individuals with a low-weight eating disorder (LWED), as patients with LWEDs have been shown to have high ghrelin levels and resistance to the effects of this hormone. We hypothesized that higher ghrelin levels would predict more impulsive choices of immediate rewards in healthy individuals, while this relationship would be less pronounced in individuals with LWEDs. Methods: Sixty-four female participants with a LWED and 34 healthy controls (HC), aged 10-22 years, presented after a 10-hour fast to undergo a standardized mixed meal followed by a delay discounting task. During this task, participants decided between smaller immediate and larger delayed monetary rewards. Based on their choices, the delay discounting parameter k was calculated as a marker of choice preferences with higher values indicating a stronger preference for the immediate smaller reward. Blood was drawn prior to and 30, 60, and 120 min after the meal for analysis of ghrelin, and area under the curve was calculated as a cumulative measurement of ghrelin levels. Results: As per study design, BMI was lower in the LWED group (17.3±1.5 kg/m2) compared to the HC group (mean±SD: 21.4±2.5 kg/m2; t[96]=11.33, p<0.0001, d=-1.99). Groups did not differ by age (LWED: 18.3±3.2 years, HC: 18.0±3.1 years; t[96]=-0.36, p=0.720, d=-0.10). Ghrelin levels were higher in the LWED compared to HC group (t[96]=-2.67, p=0.009, d=0.57). K was numerically lower in the LWED compared to the HC group, but the difference was not significant (t[96]=1.37, p=0.175, d=-0.30). Importantly, in HC higher ghrelin levels were associated with higher k values (r=0.37, p=0.032). This relationship was not observed in the LWED group (r=-0.13, p=0.304). Conclusions: In HC, higher levels of ghrelin predicted a stronger preference for smaller immediate rewards, which is consistent with increased impulsive choices shown in animal research. We did not observe this relationship in our LWED sample. Our results indicate that beyond energy homeostasis, ghrelin might play a broader role in reward-related behavior and decision-making, such as monetary choices. Future studies are required to further explore the role of ghrelin in human behavior in both clinical and non-clinical populations.

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