Erratum to “A Perspective on Stratigraphic, Vertically-Upward “Displacements or Dislocations” of Conodont-Elements: An Example From the Upper Devonian, Pre-Lithified, Black Shales of the Chattanooga Shale Formation In Tennessee, USA” ...

Even though the author already incorporated the citation of Sinninghe-Damste & Schouten (2006) into the text of the paper, the author regrets having failed to include their full citation within the Reference Section of my above paper which is: Sinninghe-Damste, J. S. & Schouton, S. (2006). Biological markers for anoxia in the photic zone of the water column. In, Volkman, J. K. (ed.), Marine Organic Matter: Biomarkers, Isotopes and DNA, (pp. 127 – 163). The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol. 2N. Springer: Berlin and Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2_005 The author also needs to paraphrase a statement made in the last three lines of the 2nd paragraph on page 40 where it reads as: “Thus, we may conclude here that paleo-upfreezing of any conodont-element(s) originally buried in the pre-lithified, light-colored shale occurred in order to account for their presence in black shale”. Instead, in lieu of that statement, it should read as “At this point in time of the study, we may tentatively conclude here while completely concluding later in the study, that conodont-elements originally existing in the underlying, pre-lithified, light-colored shale, had to paleo-upfreeze vertically upward into pre-lithified, black shale sediment in order to account for their presence in lithified black shale”.

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Erratum to “A Perspective on Stratigraphic, Vertically-Upward “Displacements or Dislocations” of Conodont-Elements: An Example From the Upper Devonian, Pre-Lithified, Black Shales of the Chattanooga Shale Formation In Tennessee, USA” ...

Earth Science Research ◽

10.5539/esr.v9n114 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 14

Author(s):

Michael Iannicelli

Keyword(s):

Black Shale ◽

Environmental Chemistry ◽

Black Shales ◽

Photic Zone ◽

Marine Organic Matter ◽

Chattanooga Shale ◽

Shale Formation ◽

Organic Matter Biomarkers ◽

Reference Section ◽

Made In

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A Perspective on Stratigraphic, Vertically-Upward “Displacements or Dislocations” of Conodont-Elements: An Example From the Upper Devonian, Pre-Lithified, Black Shales of the Chattanooga Shale Formation In Tennessee, USA

Earth Science Research ◽

10.5539/esr.v8n2p35 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 35

Author(s):

Michael Iannicelli

Keyword(s):

Black Shale ◽

Black Shales ◽

Upper Devonian ◽

Cold Climate ◽

Fine Grained ◽

Sedimentary Deposits ◽

Chattanooga Shale ◽

Shale Formation ◽

Freezing Temperatures ◽

Age Determinations

Stratigraphic “displacements or dislocations” are coarse clasts and / or objects (such as unaltered remains or conodont-elements) slowly mobilizing or migrating vertically upward through a fine-grained matrix by a cryogenetic process known as “upfreezing” due to freezing temperatures. The process was originally established by periglaciologists and cold-climate geomorphologists who applied it only to unconsolidated, sedimentary deposits. In this study, the process is applied to the marine, pre-lithified, black shales of the Upper Devonian, Chattanooga Shale Formation, specifically in Tennessee, USA. The importance of this recognition is to alert paleontologists and stratigraphers about the strong possibility of inaccurate age-determinations made concerning coarse objects such as a conodont-element (denticles) (but not fossilized molds) because of their fossilized presence in age-determined, stratigraphic, rock levels when the apatite-composed denticles may have instead been initially deposited at a lower stratigraphic level during pre-lithification of the fine-grained, host-rock (shale) before the paleo-upfreezing process mobilized the denticles upwards. Many lines of evidences are given in this study towards apparent, predominant, freezing temperatures in the pre-existing, Chattanooga Sea of the Appalachian Basin, including particular, supposed, bioturbated, pre-lithified, organic black shale that is reinterpreted here as cryoturbated, pre-lithified, organic, black shale.

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A regional ocean circulation model for the mid-Cretaceous North Atlantic Basin: implications for black shale formation

Climate of the Past Discussions ◽

10.5194/cpd-6-2371-2010 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 6 (5) ◽

pp. 2371-2421 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

R. P. M. Topper ◽

J. Trabucho Alexandre ◽

E. Tuenter ◽

P. Th. Meijer

Keyword(s):

Ocean Circulation ◽

Black Shale ◽

North Atlantic ◽

Initial Conditions ◽

Regional Model ◽

Black Shales ◽

Global Ocean ◽

Atlantic Basin ◽

North Atlantic Basin ◽

Shale Formation

Abstract. High concentrations of organic matter accumulated in marine sediments during Oceanic Anoxic Events (OAEs) in the Cretaceous. Model studies examining these events invariably make use of global ocean circulation models. In this study, a regional model for the North Atlantic Basin during OAE2 at the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary is developed. A first order check of the results is performed by comparison with the results of a recent global Cenomanian CCSM3 run from which boundary and initial conditions were obtained. The regional model is able to maintain tracer patterns and to produce velocity patterns similar to the global model. The sensitivity of basin tracer and circulation patterns to changes in the geometry of the connections with the global ocean is examined with three experiments with different bathymetries near the sponges. Different geometries turn out to have little effect on tracer distribution, but do affect circulation and upwelling patterns. The regional model is also used to test the hypothesis that ocean circulation may be behind the deposition of black shales during OAEs. Three scenarios are tested which are thought to represent pre-OAE, OAE and post-OAE situations. Model results confirm that Pacific intermediate inflow together with coastal upwelling can have enhanced primary production during OAE2. A low sea level in the pre-OAE scenario can inhibit large scale black shale formation, as can the opening of the Equatorial Atlantic Seaway in the post-OAE scenario.

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The Upper Cenomanian-Turonian (Upper Cretaceous) of the Saharan Atlas (Algeria)

BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin ◽

10.2113/gssgfbull.179.6.593 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 179 (6) ◽

pp. 593-603 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Danièle Grosheny ◽

Fettouma Chikhi-Aouimeur ◽

Serge Ferry ◽

Fatiha Benkherouf-Kechid ◽

Mohamed Jati ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sea Level ◽

Black Shale ◽

Black Shales ◽

Carbonate Platforms ◽

Northern Tunisia ◽

The North ◽

Western Interior Basin ◽

Platform Carbonates ◽

Saharan Platform ◽

Reference Section

Abstract A series of sections from the Ouled Nail, Hodna and Aurès massifs of Algeria have been studied to analyse the palaeogeographic evolution of the eastern part of the Saharan Atlas prior to and after the Cenomanian/Turonian (C/T) boundary event. Three periods are distinguished in the interval studied. During the middle to late Cenomanian, an overall ramp setting prevailed from the Saharan platform to the deeper environments of the Saharan Atlas. The latest Cenomanian and the earliest Turonian was marked by an episode of marked palaeogeographic change. Prior to the deposition of C/T boundary black shales, a rise in sea level occurred. Shallow-water carbonates were locally able to accommodate the sea-level rise. A “keep-up” response created a palaeogeography made up of isolated carbonate platforms separated by saddles, where a 1–20 m thick bed of deeper water mudstones was deposited as the lateral equivalent of the platform carbonates. At a larger scale, these saddles probably acted as corridors that allowed marine communication with the intra-Saharan basins (Tinrhert, Tademaït basins). Correlations show that the boundary black shales later filled up the saddles of the Saharan Atlas, and onlapped the carbonate platforms, before the deposition of lower Turonian open marine marls that everywhere blanket the successions. During the early to late Turonian, the palaeogeography again changed to restore a N-S oriented ramp setting, similar to that of the middle Cenomanian. Correlation with the deeper-water facies of nearby northern Tunisia, suggests that the uppermost Cenomanian mudstone immediately underlying the black shale facies in the Saharan Atlas is the lateral equivalent of the uppermost bed of the Fahdene Formation (the so-called “pre-Bahloul”) underlying the Bahloul black shale facies in the Tunisian Kalaat Senan reference section. Our platform-to-basin correlations show that the base of this bed is a regional transgressive surface, not a type II sequence boundary as suggested by previous authors. Finally, it is proposed that this mudstone bed correlates with Bed 63 of the Pueblo global reference section in the North American western Interior Basin, which also marks the beginning of the strong C/T boundary transgression.

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A regional ocean circulation model for the mid-Cretaceous North Atlantic Basin: implications for black shale formation

Climate of the Past ◽

10.5194/cp-7-277-2011 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 277-297 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

R. P. M. Topper ◽

J. Trabucho Alexandre ◽

E. Tuenter ◽

P. Th. Meijer

Keyword(s):

Ocean Circulation ◽

Black Shale ◽

North Atlantic ◽

Initial Conditions ◽

Regional Model ◽

Black Shales ◽

Global Ocean ◽

Atlantic Basin ◽

North Atlantic Basin ◽

Shale Formation

Abstract. High concentrations of organic matter accumulated in marine sediments during Oceanic Anoxic Events (OAEs) in the Cretaceous. Model studies examining these events invariably make use of global ocean circulation models. In this study, a regional model for the North Atlantic Basin during OAE2 at the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary has been developed. A first order check of the results has been performed by comparison with the results of a recent global Cenomanian CCSM3 run, from which boundary and initial conditions were obtained. The regional model is able to maintain tracer patterns and to produce velocity patterns similar to the global model. The sensitivity of the basin tracer and circulation patterns to changes in the geometry of the connections with the global ocean is examined with three experiments with different bathymetries near the sponges. Different geometries turn out to have little effect on tracer distribution, but do affect circulation and upwelling patterns. The regional model is also used to test the hypothesis that ocean circulation may have been behind the deposition of black shales during OAEs. Three scenarios are tested which are thought to represent pre-OAE, OAE and post-OAE situations. Model results confirm that Pacific intermediate inflow together with coastal upwelling could have enhanced primary production during OAE2. A low sea level in the pre-OAE scenario could have inhibited large scale black shale formation, as could have the opening of the Equatorial Atlantic Seaway in the post-OAE scenario.

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Black shale formation environment and its control on shale oil enrichment in Triassic Chang 7 Member, Ordos Basin, NW China

Petroleum Exploration and Development ◽

10.1016/s1876-3804(21)60288-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 48 (6) ◽

pp. 1304-1314

Author(s):

Bin ZHANG ◽

Zhiguo MAO ◽

Zhongyi ZHANG ◽

Yilin YUAN ◽

Xiaoliang CHEN ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Black Shale ◽

Ordos Basin ◽

Shale Oil ◽

Nw China ◽

Shale Formation

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Accumulation Conditions and Gas Content Characteristics of the Lower Silurian in Northwestern Hunan, China

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.868.192 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 868 ◽

pp. 192-195

Author(s):

Tuo Lin ◽

Jin Chuan Zhang ◽

Bo Li ◽

Wei He ◽

Xuan Tang

Keyword(s):

Black Shale ◽

Sedimentary Environment ◽

Sedimentary Facies ◽

Black Shales ◽

Gas Content ◽

Burial Depth ◽

Reservoir Properties ◽

Isothermal Adsorption ◽

Lower Silurian ◽

Deposition Conditions

The Lower Silurian marine shale is widely distributed in Northwestern Hunan and features in a large thickness of dark shale showed at outcrops. However, the accumulation conditions and gas content is unknown. The sedimentary facies, thickness and distribution, organic matter types and content, maturity, reservoir properties and gas content of the Lower Silurian black shale in Northwestern Hunan were investigated by field observation, sampling and experimental analysis. The results show that the black shales sedimentary environment is deep water continental shelf, with featured in abundant fossil. The burial depth of the Lower Silurian black shale is 0-3000 m, and its thickness is 10-40m while the average TOC is 1.0% and average Ro is 2.9%. For the disadvantaged sedimentary facies and shallow depth, the maximum gas content of the Lower Silurian black shale from well site desorption test is 0.59m3/t only, but the result of isothermal adsorption simulate test show that the Lower Silurian black shale have a good adsorption capacity, and can generate a large number of shale gas in Northwestern Hunan where better deposition conditions and suitable depth exist in.

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