Last interglacial environment of the Baikal Region (Southern Siberia, Russia) based on analysis of fossil invertebrates and plants

New data on fossil insects, soil and freshwater invertebrates, plant macrofossils, pollen and spores were obtained from a problematic lower unit of the reference section Bely Yar-II (Tunka Rift, Baikal Region, Russia). The invertebrates show a natural succession from a small lake to a wetland; plant macrofossils confirm the early stages of succession. Pollen and spore data reflect a wide range of environments and vegetation from moderate climate supporting regional forests to relatively cold, dry parkland. New Uranium-Thorium data (99 ± 20 ka and 101 ± 13 ka), along with environmental reconstructions, indicate that the lower unit was probably formed during one of the cold sub-stages towards the end the last inter-glaciation (MIS5).

Dinoflagellate cysts from the Pannonian (late Miocene) "white marls" in Pécs-Danitzpuszta, southern Hungary

Dinoflagellate-cyst based biostratigraphy is an important tool in the stratigraphical subdivision and correlation of the Neogene Lake Pannon deposits. A total of 66 palynological samples were investigated from the Pannonian (upper Miocene) marl succession exposed in the Pécs-Danitzpuszta sand pit in order to evaluate the biostratigraphical assignment and constrain the age of the strata. Earlier attempts to recover dinoflagellate cysts from this important reference section had failed. In our material, six samples contained well-preserved palynomorphs. One sample from the lower part of the succession (D25) contained a probably reworked middle Miocene assemblage. Samples from the middle segment of the succession (D3, D2, D1) indicate the Pontiadinium pecsvaradensis Zone (ca. 10.8 to 10.6 Ma). Samples from the top of the marl (D219, D221) did not give additional stratigraphic information (P. pecsvaradensis Zone or younger). The palynofacies of samples D3 to D221 indicates a relatively distal, calm, occasionally oxygen-deficient, probably deep depositional environment.

GOSUDAREV LOG REFERENCE SECTION OF THE GELASIAN AND EOPLEISTOCENE

An integrated analysis of Quaternary deposits of the Gosudarev Log section near Krasnoyarsk was carried out. In the wall of the ancient ravine, deposits of the two highest river terraces of the Yenisei River embedded in accumulative formations of the so-called Batoisky uval [ridge] were uncovered. In the axial part of this ridge, lacustrine Eopleistocene formations overlie river gravel of the Gelasian and are overlain by subaerial cover loess-like formations. This section is proposed as a reference one for the Gelazian and Eopleistocene deposits of the extraglacial zone of the Pre-Yenisei Siberia.

Research on the Value of Tesla Inc. based on Three Valuation Methods

This article describes how to use three different methods to estimate whether Tesla is worth investing, and each method has been accurately calculated and speculated. In the introduction part, Tesla’s current situation and history are addressed. In the theoretical framework, WACC, DCF, and Multiple method are discussed in turn, and they take different approaches. In the WACC section, the author uses a lot of data and context; in the DCF section, various terms are adopted; in multiple methods, the author makes a few tables for clarity. Finally, compared with the market value, Tesla's actual value is overestimated. The reference section summarizes all the data sources mentioned above.

New data about Upper Jurassic formations of the Ulyanovsk-Saratov through and the northern part of the Peri-Сaspian Syneclise

A detailed description of the Upper Jurassic formations of the south of the European part of Russia, mainly restricted by the Kimmeridgian and Volgian stages, is given. The characteristic of the reference section is provided for the Vechkusy Formation, and the neostratotype is proposed for the Novikovka Formation. The criteria for drawing the boundaries of local stratigraphic units (formations) and the features of strata distribution are considered in detail. It is proposed to change the stratigraphic volume of the Vechkusy, Novikovka and Trazovo Formations, refusing to align the boundaries of the formations with those of stages and substages, and instead to use most clear and widely traced lithological boundaries for defining formations. The Undory Formation, which ends the Upper Jurassic section in the region, includes intervals which differ significantly in their lithologies, and the Kashpir Formation is used here for the area characterized by siliceous sedimentation during the late Volgian. Oxfordian spongolites of the Ulagan Mt. that are sharply different from the coeval strata of adjacent regions ascribed to as Prieltonskaya Member. Despite the fact that isochronous lithological markers are present within the region under consideration, the boundaries of the formations are more or less diachronous, due to both the presence of sedimentary breaks and the temporal sliding of lithological boundaries.

Exercise-associated Muscle Cramps in Runners: A Review

Objective: Exercise-associated Muscle Cramp (EAMC) is an intense, painful, and involuntary contraction of skeletal muscles during a physical activity. Runners are more prone to this syndrome than other athletes. The present paper aims to review of the literature on EAMC in runners to determine the reasons and nature of EAMC in this sports field. Methods: A search was conducted for related studies from 1997 to 2021 in MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE/SCOPUS, LILACS, CINAHL, CENTRAL, Web of Science, PEDro, Google Scholar as well as MagIran, IranDoc, IranMedex, MedLib using MeSH Keywords. The reference section of the studies were also checked to find more studies. Finally, 15 eligible papers on EAMC in runners were reviewed and findings were reported. Results: Several factors were found to be effective in EAMC among runners, including dehydration, electrolyte deficit, cold, long training or competition period, increased body temperature during training or competition, history of injury or muscle cramp, increased training intensity in short time, and dietary restrictions. Conclusion: The cause of EAMC in runners seems to be multifactorial.