scholarly journals A Perspective on Stratigraphic, Vertically-Upward “Displacements or Dislocations” of Conodont-Elements: An Example From the Upper Devonian, Pre-Lithified, Black Shales of the Chattanooga Shale Formation In Tennessee, USA

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Michael Iannicelli
Keyword(s):  
Black Shale ◽  
Black Shales ◽  
Upper Devonian ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Sedimentary Deposits ◽  
Chattanooga Shale ◽  
Shale Formation ◽  
Freezing Temperatures ◽  
Age Determinations

Stratigraphic “displacements or dislocations” are coarse clasts and / or objects (such as unaltered remains or conodont-elements) slowly mobilizing or migrating vertically upward through a fine-grained matrix by a cryogenetic process known as “upfreezing” due to freezing temperatures. The process was originally established by periglaciologists and cold-climate geomorphologists who applied it only to unconsolidated, sedimentary deposits. In this study, the process is applied to the marine, pre-lithified, black shales of the Upper Devonian, Chattanooga Shale Formation, specifically in Tennessee, USA. The importance of this recognition is to alert paleontologists and stratigraphers about the strong possibility of inaccurate age-determinations made concerning coarse objects such as a conodont-element (denticles) (but not fossilized molds) because of their fossilized presence in age-determined, stratigraphic, rock levels when the apatite-composed denticles may have instead been initially deposited at a lower stratigraphic level during pre-lithification of the fine-grained, host-rock (shale) before the paleo-upfreezing process mobilized the denticles upwards. Many lines of evidences are given in this study towards apparent, predominant, freezing temperatures in the pre-existing, Chattanooga Sea of the Appalachian Basin, including particular, supposed, bioturbated, pre-lithified, organic black shale that is reinterpreted here as cryoturbated, pre-lithified, organic, black shale.

scholarly journals Erratum to “A Perspective on Stratigraphic, Vertically-Upward “Displacements or Dislocations” of Conodont-Elements: An Example From the Upper Devonian, Pre-Lithified, Black Shales of the Chattanooga Shale Formation In Tennessee, USA” ...

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Michael Iannicelli
Keyword(s):  
Black Shale ◽  
Environmental Chemistry ◽  
Black Shales ◽  
Photic Zone ◽  
Marine Organic Matter ◽  
Chattanooga Shale ◽  
Shale Formation ◽  
Organic Matter Biomarkers ◽  
Reference Section ◽  
Made In

Even though the author already incorporated the citation of Sinninghe-Damste & Schouten (2006) into the text of the paper, the author regrets having failed to include their full citation within the Reference Section of my above paper which is: Sinninghe-Damste, J. S. & Schouton, S. (2006). Biological markers for anoxia in the photic zone of the water column. In, Volkman, J. K. (ed.), Marine Organic Matter: Biomarkers, Isotopes and DNA, (pp. 127 – 163). The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol. 2N. Springer: Berlin and Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2_005 The author also needs to paraphrase a statement made in the last three lines of the 2nd paragraph on page 40 where it reads as: “Thus, we may conclude here that paleo-upfreezing of any conodont-element(s) originally buried in the pre-lithified, light-colored shale occurred in order to account for their presence in black shale”. Instead, in lieu of that statement, it should read as “At this point in time of the study, we may tentatively conclude here while completely concluding later in the study, that conodont-elements originally existing in the underlying, pre-lithified, light-colored shale, had to paleo-upfreeze vertically upward into pre-lithified, black shale sediment in order to account for their presence in lithified black shale”.

scholarly journals Erratum to “A Perspective on Stratigraphic, Vertically-Upward “Displacements or Dislocations” of Conodont-Elements: An Example From the Upper Devonian, Pre-Lithified, Black Shales of the Chattanooga Shale Formation In Tennessee, USA” ...

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Michael Iannicelli
Keyword(s):  
Black Shale ◽  
Environmental Chemistry ◽  
Black Shales ◽  
Photic Zone ◽  
Marine Organic Matter ◽  
Chattanooga Shale ◽  
Shale Formation ◽  
Organic Matter Biomarkers ◽  
Reference Section ◽  
Made In

Even though the author already incorporated the citation of Sinninghe-Damste & Schouten (2006) into the text of the paper, the author regrets having failed to include their full citation within the Reference Section of my above paper which is: Sinninghe-Damste, J. S. & Schouton, S. (2006). Biological markers for anoxia in the photic zone of the water column. In, Volkman, J. K. (ed.), Marine Organic Matter: Biomarkers, Isotopes and DNA, (pp. 127 – 163). The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol. 2N. Springer: Berlin and Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2_005 The author also needs to paraphrase a statement made in the last three lines of the 2nd paragraph on page 40 where it reads as: “Thus, we may conclude here that paleo-upfreezing of any conodont-element(s) originally buried in the pre-lithified, light-colored shale occurred in order to account for their presence in black shale”. Instead, in lieu of that statement, it should read as “At this point in time of the study, we may tentatively conclude here while completely concluding later in the study, that conodont-elements originally existing in the underlying, pre-lithified, light-colored shale, had to paleo-upfreeze vertically upward into pre-lithified, black shale sediment in order to account for their presence in lithified black shale”.

scholarly journals A regional ocean circulation model for the mid-Cretaceous North Atlantic Basin: implications for black shale formation

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 2371-2421 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. M. Topper ◽  
J. Trabucho Alexandre ◽  
E. Tuenter ◽  
P. Th. Meijer
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Circulation ◽  
Black Shale ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Regional Model ◽  
Black Shales ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Atlantic Basin ◽  
North Atlantic Basin ◽  
Shale Formation

Abstract. High concentrations of organic matter accumulated in marine sediments during Oceanic Anoxic Events (OAEs) in the Cretaceous. Model studies examining these events invariably make use of global ocean circulation models. In this study, a regional model for the North Atlantic Basin during OAE2 at the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary is developed. A first order check of the results is performed by comparison with the results of a recent global Cenomanian CCSM3 run from which boundary and initial conditions were obtained. The regional model is able to maintain tracer patterns and to produce velocity patterns similar to the global model. The sensitivity of basin tracer and circulation patterns to changes in the geometry of the connections with the global ocean is examined with three experiments with different bathymetries near the sponges. Different geometries turn out to have little effect on tracer distribution, but do affect circulation and upwelling patterns. The regional model is also used to test the hypothesis that ocean circulation may be behind the deposition of black shales during OAEs. Three scenarios are tested which are thought to represent pre-OAE, OAE and post-OAE situations. Model results confirm that Pacific intermediate inflow together with coastal upwelling can have enhanced primary production during OAE2. A low sea level in the pre-OAE scenario can inhibit large scale black shale formation, as can the opening of the Equatorial Atlantic Seaway in the post-OAE scenario.

XXVIII.—On the Presence of Tetrads of Resistant Spores in the Tissue of Sporocarpon furcatum Dawson from the Upper Devonian of America

1925 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 597-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kidston ◽  
W. H. Lang
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
North America ◽  
Black Shale ◽  
Black Shales ◽  
Upper Devonian ◽  
The South ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Lower Carboniferous ◽  
Red Sandstone ◽  
Western Border

The deposits of the Devonian period over a large area in the interior of North America to the south of the great lakes are known to be wholly of marine type and to have continued those of the Silurian period. They were formed in a great gulf open to the south. Along the western border of this gulf shore-deposits and, during Upper Devonian times, deposits of Old Red Sandstone type were accumulated, while in the middle of the gulf the resulting rocks were limestones and shales. In Ohio, following on a narrow band of what is regarded as Oriskany Sandstone (Lower Devonian), the Corniferous limestone and some local representatives of the Hamilton formation represent the Middle Devonian. Above this comes a great mass of black shale, which here represents the whole Upper Devonian and may continue up into black shales of the Lower Carboniferous. A black shale at the base of the Upper Devonian rocks has an extensive range in the central region of North America, being represented by the Huron shale in Canada and the Genessee shale in New York. Drifted land plants from the coast of the gulf, or from islands in it, have been found in the black shale and also in the underlying Corniferous limestone, and some other fossils are commonly spoken of as Algæ but have afforded little or no botanical information.

scholarly journals A regional ocean circulation model for the mid-Cretaceous North Atlantic Basin: implications for black shale formation

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 277-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. M. Topper ◽  
J. Trabucho Alexandre ◽  
E. Tuenter ◽  
P. Th. Meijer
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Circulation ◽  
Black Shale ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Regional Model ◽  
Black Shales ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Atlantic Basin ◽  
North Atlantic Basin ◽  
Shale Formation

Abstract. High concentrations of organic matter accumulated in marine sediments during Oceanic Anoxic Events (OAEs) in the Cretaceous. Model studies examining these events invariably make use of global ocean circulation models. In this study, a regional model for the North Atlantic Basin during OAE2 at the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary has been developed. A first order check of the results has been performed by comparison with the results of a recent global Cenomanian CCSM3 run, from which boundary and initial conditions were obtained. The regional model is able to maintain tracer patterns and to produce velocity patterns similar to the global model. The sensitivity of the basin tracer and circulation patterns to changes in the geometry of the connections with the global ocean is examined with three experiments with different bathymetries near the sponges. Different geometries turn out to have little effect on tracer distribution, but do affect circulation and upwelling patterns. The regional model is also used to test the hypothesis that ocean circulation may have been behind the deposition of black shales during OAEs. Three scenarios are tested which are thought to represent pre-OAE, OAE and post-OAE situations. Model results confirm that Pacific intermediate inflow together with coastal upwelling could have enhanced primary production during OAE2. A low sea level in the pre-OAE scenario could have inhibited large scale black shale formation, as could have the opening of the Equatorial Atlantic Seaway in the post-OAE scenario.

Black shales

Paleobiology ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Kohlberger
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Black Shale ◽  
North American ◽  
Black Shales ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Geological Surveys ◽  
The Many ◽  
Comprehensive Mapping

In earlier and simpler times in North American geology, there was an extraordinarily large amount of unexplored ground per available geologist to study it. State and territorial geological surveys, which undertook the first comprehensive mapping programs in the nineteenth century, were at first able to make only the grossest descriptions of outcrops in order to complete their assignments to map an area. In these pioneer surveys, black shales stood out as very easily identifiable strata; characteristically colored, fine grained, with distinctive lamination, and well known to lack fossils found so commonly in adjacent strata. “Black shale, undivided” is a very familiar legend in older outcrop descriptions; the lack of comparability of black shales to other strata effectively prevented their division, for both conceptual and technical reasons. This is one of the many paradoxes we can recognize in relation to black shales; they are as difficult to interpret as they are easy to recognize.

Conodont biostratigraphy of the Chattanooga Shale, Middle and Upper Devonian, southern Appalachian basin, eastern United States

2007 ◽  
Vol 81 (6) ◽  
pp. 1194-1217 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Jeffrey Over
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Appalachian Basin ◽  
Upper Devonian ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Conodont Biostratigraphy ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Southern Appalachian ◽  
Global Correlation ◽  
Chattanooga Shale ◽  
Conodont Fauna

The Chattanooga Shale of the southern Appalachian Basin contains a diverse conodont fauna of the high Givetian, Frasnian, and Famennian. The predominantly fine-grained strata were deposited in an offshore setting where depositional packages are separated by unconformities. Conodonts allow regional and global correlation of these strata, recognition of the Frasnian-Famennian boundary, and narrow biostratigraphic constraint of two Frasnian ash beds, MN Zone 8 for the Belpre Ash and upper MN Zone 13 for the Center Hill Ash. Three new Frasnian palmatolepid conodonts are described in open nomenclature, and the holotype ofPalmatolepis regularisCooper is reillustrated.

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