Construction of New S-Boxes Over Finite Field and Their Application to Watermarking

2012 ◽  
Vol 67 (12) ◽  
pp. 705-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iqtadar Hussain ◽  
Tariq Shah ◽  
Muhammad Asif Gondal ◽  
Hasan Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Energy ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
Galois Field ◽  
Substitution Box ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Absolute Deviation ◽  
Copyright Information ◽  
Substitution Boxes ◽  
Paradigm Analysis

In this work, we develop an imperceptible watermarking technique for images that employ substitution boxes constructed over Galois field GF(24). The strength of the proposed substitution box (S-box) is analyzed and its suitability is investigated for watermarking applications by applying statistical methods, which include entropy, contrast, correlation, energy, homogeneity, mean of absolute deviation (MAD), mean square error (MSE), peak-to-peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), and structural similarity (SSIM) paradigm analysis. The application of the proposed S-box is presented for embedding copyright information in images.

ANALISIS SENSITIVITAS VIDEO MPEG-4 BERDASARKAN STRUKTUR FRAME PADA TRANSMISI DVB-T

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-97
Author(s):  
Sandy Suryo Prayogo ◽  
Tubagus Maulana Kusuma
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Bit Error Rate ◽  
Error Rate ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Similarity Index ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Structural Similarity Index ◽  
Noise Ratio

DVB merupakan standar transmisi televisi digital yang paling banyak digunakan saat ini. Unsur terpenting dari suatu proses transmisi adalah kualitas gambar dari video yang diterima setelah melalui proses transimisi tersebut. Banyak faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi kualitas dari suatu gambar, salah satunya adalah struktur frame dari video. Pada tulisan ini dilakukan pengujian sensitifitas video MPEG-4 berdasarkan struktur frame pada transmisi DVB-T. Pengujian dilakukan menggunakan simulasi matlab dan simulink. Digunakan juga ffmpeg untuk menyediakan format dan pengaturan video akan disimulasikan. Variabel yang diubah dari video adalah bitrate dan juga group-of-pictures (GOP), sedangkan variabel yang diubah dari transmisi DVB-T adalah signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) pada kanal AWGN di antara pengirim (Tx) dan penerima (Rx). Hasil yang diperoleh dari percobaan berupa kualitas rata-rata gambar pada video yang diukur menggunakan metode pengukuran structural-similarity-index (SSIM). Dilakukan juga pengukuran terhadap jumlah bit-error-rate BER pada bitstream DVB-T. Percobaan yang dilakukan dapat menunjukkan seberapa besar sensitifitas bitrate dan GOP dari video pada transmisi DVB-T dengan kesimpulan semakin besar bitrate maka akan semakin buruk nilai kualitas gambarnya, dan semakin kecil nilai GOP maka akan semakin baik nilai kualitasnya. Penilitian diharapkan dapat dikembangkan menggunakan deep learning untuk memperoleh frame struktur yang tepat di kondisi-kondisi tertentu dalam proses transmisi televisi digital.

scholarly journals Encryption Based Image Watermarking Algorithm in 2DWT-DCT Domains

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (16) ◽  
pp. 5540
Author(s):  
Nayeem Hasan ◽  
Md Saiful Islam ◽  
Wenyu Chen ◽  
Muhammad Ashad Kabir ◽  
Saad Al-Ahmadi
Keyword(s):  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Image Watermarking ◽  
Similarity Index ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
Reconstructed Image ◽  
Discrete Wavelet ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Noise Ratio ◽  
Watermarking Scheme

This paper proposes an encryption-based image watermarking scheme using a combination of second-level discrete wavelet transform (2DWT) and discrete cosine transform (DCT) with an auto extraction feature. The 2DWT has been selected based on the analysis of the trade-off between imperceptibility of the watermark and embedding capacity at various levels of decomposition. DCT operation is applied to the selected area to gather the image coefficients into a single vector using a zig-zig operation. We have utilized the same random bit sequence as the watermark and seed for the embedding zone coefficient. The quality of the reconstructed image was measured according to bit correction rate, peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), and similarity index. Experimental results demonstrated that the proposed scheme is highly robust under different types of image-processing attacks. Several image attacks, e.g., JPEG compression, filtering, noise addition, cropping, sharpening, and bit-plane removal, were examined on watermarked images, and the results of our proposed method outstripped existing methods, especially in terms of the bit correction ratio (100%), which is a measure of bit restoration. The results were also highly satisfactory in terms of the quality of the reconstructed image, which demonstrated high imperceptibility in terms of peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR ≥ 40 dB) and structural similarity (SSIM ≥ 0.9) under different image attacks.

scholarly journals Image-Guided Rendering with an Evolutionary Algorithm Based on Cloud Model

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Wu
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Algorithm ◽  
Cloud Model ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
Input Image ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Feature Similarity ◽  
Contrast Factor ◽  
Noise Ratio

The process of creating nonphotorealistic rendering images and animations can be enjoyable if a useful method is involved. We use an evolutionary algorithm to generate painterly styles of images. Given an input image as the reference target, a cloud model-based evolutionary algorithm that will rerender the target image with nonphotorealistic effects is evolved. The resulting animations have an interesting characteristic in which the target slowly emerges from a set of strokes. A number of experiments are performed, as well as visual comparisons, quantitative comparisons, and user studies. The average scores in normalized feature similarity of standard pixel-wise peak signal-to-noise ratio, mean structural similarity, feature similarity, and gradient similarity based metric are 0.486, 0.628, 0.579, and 0.640, respectively. The average scores in normalized aesthetic measures of Benford’s law, fractal dimension, global contrast factor, and Shannon’s entropy are 0.630, 0.397, 0.418, and 0.708, respectively. Compared with those of similar method, the average score of the proposed method, except peak signal-to-noise ratio, is higher by approximately 10%. The results suggest that the proposed method can generate appealing images and animations with different styles by choosing different strokes, and it would inspire graphic designers who may be interested in computer-based evolutionary art.

scholarly journals 4, 8, 32, 64 bit Substitution Box generation using Irreducible or Reducible Polynomials over Galois Field GF(pq)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sankhanil Dey ◽  
Ranjan Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Boolean Functions ◽  
Galois Field ◽  
Data Encryption ◽  
First Century ◽  
Additive Constant ◽  
Substitution Box ◽  
Data Encryption Standard ◽  
Substitution Boxes ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
Encryption And Decryption

Substitution Box or S-Box had been generated using 4-bit Boolean Functions (BFs) for Encryption and Decryption Algorithm of Lucifer and Data Encryption Standard (DES) in late sixties and late seventies respectively. The S-Box of Advance Encryption Standard have also been generated using Irreducible Polynomials over Galois field GF(28) adding an additive constant in early twenty first century. In this paper Substitution Boxes have been generated from Irreducible or Reducible Polynomials over Galois field GF(pq). Binary Galois fields have been used to generate Substitution Boxes. Since the Galois Field Number or the Number generated from coefficients of a polynomial over a particular Binary Galois field (2q) is similar to log2q+1 bit BFs. So generation of log2q+1 bit S-Boxes is possible. Now if p = prime or non-prime number then generation of S-Boxes is possible using Galois field GF (pq ), where q = p-1.

scholarly journals Evaluation of objective video quality assessment methods on video sequences with different spatial and temporal activity encoded at different spatial resolutions

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Jelena Vlaović ◽  
Drago Žagar ◽  
Snježana Rimac-Drlje ◽  
Mario Vranješ
Keyword(s):  
Quality Assessment ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Video Quality ◽  
Similarity Index ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
Video Sequences ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Structural Similarity Index

With the development of Video on Demand applications due to the availability of high-speed internet access, adaptive streaming algorithms have been developing and improving. The focus is on improving user’s Quality of Experience (QoE) and taking it into account as one of the parameters for the adaptation algorithm. Users often experience changing network conditions, so the goal is to ensure stable video playback with satisfying QoE level. Although subjective Video Quality Assessment (VQA) methods provide more accurate results regarding user’s QoE, objective VQA methods cost less and are less time-consuming. In this article, nine different objective VQA methods are compared on a large set of video sequences with various spatial and temporal activities. VQA methods used in this analysis are: Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), Structural Similarity Index (SSIM), MultiScale Structural Similarity Index (MS-SSIM), Video Quality Metric (VQM), Mean Sum of Differences (DELTA), Mean Sum of Absolute Differences (MSAD), Mean Squared Error (MSE), Netflix Video Multimethod Assessment Fusion (Netflix VMAF) and Visual Signal-to-Noise Ratio (VSNR). The video sequences used for testing purposes were encoded according to H.264/AVC with twelve different target coding bitrates, at three different spatial resolutions (resulting in a total of 190 sequences). In addition to objective quality assessment, subjective quality assessment was performed for these sequences. All results acquired by objective VQA methods have been compared with subjective Mean Opinion Score (MOS) results using Pearson Linear Correlation Coefficient (PLCC). Measurement results obtained on a large set of video sequences with different spatial resolutions show that VQA methods like SSIM and VQM correlate better with MOS results compared to PSNR, SSIM, VSNR, DELTA, MSE, VMAF and MSAD. However, the PLCC results for SSIM and VQM are too low (0.7799 and 0.7734, respectively), for the usage of these methods in streaming services instead of subjective testing. These results suggest that more efficient VQA methods should be developed to be used in streaming testing procedures as well as to support the video segmentation process. Furthermore, when comparing results obtained for different spatial resolutions, it can be concluded that the quality of video sequences encoded at lower spatial resolutions in cases of lower target coding bitrate is higher compared to the quality of video sequences encoded at higher spatial resolutions at the same target coding bitrate, particularly when video sequences with higher spatial and temporal information are used.

scholarly journals Using the Natural Scenes’ Edges for Assessing Image Quality Blindly and Efficiently

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saifeldeen Abdalmajeed ◽  
Jiao Shuhong
Keyword(s):  
Image Quality ◽  
Image Quality Assessment ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
Natural Image ◽  
Natural Scenes ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Enhanced Sensitivity ◽  
Full Reference ◽  
Distortion Type

Two real blind/no-reference (NR) image quality assessment (IQA) algorithms in the spatial domain are developed. To measure image quality, the introduced approach uses an unprecedented concept for gathering a set of novel features based on edges of natural scenes. The enhanced sensitivity of the human eye to the information carried by edge and contour of an image supports this claim. The effectiveness of the proposed technique in quantifying image quality has been studied. The gathered features are formed using both Weibull distribution statistics and two sharpness functions to devise two separate NR IQA algorithms. The presented algorithms do not need training on databases of human judgments or even prior knowledge about expected distortions, so they are real NR IQA algorithms. In contrast to the most general no-reference IQA, the model used for this study is generic and has been created in such a way that it is not specified to any particular distortion type. When testing the proposed algorithms on LIVE database, experiments show that they correlate well with subjective opinion scores. They also show that the introduced methods significantly outperform the popular full-reference peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and the structural similarity (SSIM) methods. Besides they outperform the recently developed NR natural image quality evaluator (NIQE) model.

Towards Real-Time Impulsive RFI Mitigation for Radio Telescopes

2016 ◽  
Vol 05 (04) ◽  
pp. 1641018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaushal D. Buch ◽  
Shruti Bhatporia ◽  
Yashwant Gupta ◽  
Swapnil Nalawade ◽  
Aditya Chowdhury ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Wide Band ◽  
Radio Frequency Interference ◽  
Radio Telescopes ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Absolute Deviation ◽  
Time Threshold ◽  
Filtering Technique ◽  
Estimation And Filtering

Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) is a growing concern for contemporary radio telescopes. This paper describes techniques for real-time threshold-based detection and filtering of broadband and narrowband RFI for the correlator and beamformer chains of a telescope back-end, with specific applications to the upgraded Giant Meterwave Radio Telescope (uGMRT). The Median Absolute Deviation (MAD) estimator is used for robust estimation of dispersion of the received signal in temporal and spectral domains. Results from the tests carried out for the GMRT wide-band backend (GWB) using this technique show 10 dB improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio. MAD-based estimation and filtering was also found to be useful for filtering beamformer data. The RFI filtering technique demonstrated in this paper will find applications in other radio telescopes as well as receivers for digital communication and passive radiometry.

scholarly journals 4, 8, 32, 64 bit Substitution Box generation using Irreducible or Reducible Polynomials over Galois Field GF(pq)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sankhanil Dey ◽  
Ranjan Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Boolean Functions ◽  
Galois Field ◽  
Data Encryption ◽  
First Century ◽  
Additive Constant ◽  
Substitution Box ◽  
Data Encryption Standard ◽  
Substitution Boxes ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
Encryption And Decryption

Substitution Box or S-Box had been generated using 4-bit Boolean Functions (BFs) for Encryption and Decryption Algorithm of Lucifer and Data Encryption Standard (DES) in late sixties and late seventies respectively. The S-Box of Advance Encryption Standard have also been generated using Irreducible Polynomials over Galois field GF(28) adding an additive constant in early twenty first century. In this paper Substitution Boxes have been generated from Irreducible or Reducible Polynomials over Galois field GF(pq). Binary Galois fields have been used to generate Substitution Boxes. Since the Galois Field Number or the Number generated from coefficients of a polynomial over a particular Binary Galois field (2q) is similar to log2q+1 bit BFs. So generation of log2q+1 bit S-Boxes is possible. Now if p = prime or non-prime number then generation of S-Boxes is possible using Galois field GF (pq ), where q = p-1.

scholarly journals Effects of Using Static Methods with Contourlet Transformation on Speech Compression

2021 ◽  
pp. 2784-2795
Author(s):  
Esraa Abd Alsalam ◽  
Shaymaa Ahmed Razoqi ◽  
Eman Fathi Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Speech Signal ◽  
Cross Correlation ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Speech Compression ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Absolute Deviation ◽  
Limited Bandwidth ◽  
Normalized Cross Correlation ◽  
Noise Ratio ◽  
And Storage

Compression of speech signal is an essential field in signal processing. Speech compression is very important in today’s world, due to the limited bandwidth transmission and storage capacity. This paper explores a Contourlet transformation based methodology for the compression of the speech signal. In this methodology, the speech signal is analysed using Contourlet transformation coefficients with statistic methods as threshold values, such as Interquartile Filter (IQR), Average Absolute Deviation (AAD), Median Absolute Deviation (MAD) and standard deviation (STD), followed by the application of (Run length encoding) They are exploited for recording speech in different times (5, 30, and 120 seconds). A comparative study of performance of different transforms is made in terms of (Signal to Noise Ratio,Peak Signal to Noise Ratio,Normalized Cross-Correlation, Normalized Cross-Correlation) and the compression ratio (CR). The best stable result of implementing our algorithm for compressing speech is at level1 with   AAD or MAD, adopting Matlab 2013a language.

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