QUANTITATIVE 3D RECONSTRUCTIONS AS IDENTIFICATION TOOL IN HEART DEVELOPMENT

A method for displaying quantitative information in 3D reconstructions of the embryonic heart was developed to investigate spatial distributions of cell division and cell density. The method utilizes serial sections to extract morphological as well as quantitative data. The morphological data are used to reconstruct the embryonic heart and the quantitative data are classified and superimposed on the resulting reconstruction. The bias, which would result from size differences between cell populations, was investigated. If present, it would influence the absolute number of particles (nuclei) per volume, although the classification applied on the reconstruction displaying the mitotic fraction remains unchanged. Although the reconstruction displaying the local densities is influenced by the bias, less than 2.5% of the regions is misclassified.

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Optical approaches to ontogeny of electrical activity and related functional organization during early heart development

Physiological Reviews ◽

10.1152/physrev.1991.71.1.53 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 71 (1) ◽

pp. 53-91 ◽

Cited By ~ 163

Author(s):

K. Kamino

Keyword(s):

Electrical Activity ◽

Heart Development ◽

Functional Organization ◽

Embryonic Heart ◽

Optical Recording ◽

Additional Advantage ◽

Physiological Functions ◽

Spontaneous Electrical Activity ◽

Somite Stage ◽

Voltage Sensitive Dyes

Direct intracellular measurement of electrical events in the early embryonic heart is impossible because the cells are too small and frail to be impaled with microelectrodes; it is also not possible to apply conventional electrophysiological techniques to the early embryonic heart. For these reasons, complete understanding of the ontogeny of electrical activity and related physiological functions of the heart during early development has been hampered. Optical signals from voltage-sensitive dyes have provided a new powerful tool for monitoring changes in transmembrane voltage in a wide variety of living preparations. With this technique it is possible to make optical recordings from the cells that are inaccessible to microelectrodes. An additional advantage of the optical method for recording membrane potential activity is that electrical activity can be monitored simultaneously from many sites in a preparation. Thus, applying a multiple-site optical recording method with a 100- or 144-element photodiode array and voltage-sensitive dyes, we have been able to monitor, for the first time, spontaneous electrical activity in prefused cardiac primordia in the early chick embryos at the six- and the early seven-somite stages of development. We were able to determine that the time of initiation of the contraction is the middle period of the nine-somite stage. In the rat embryonic heart, the onset of spontaneous electrical activity and contraction occurs at the three-somite stage. In this review, a new view of the ontogenetic sequence of spontaneous electrical activity and related physiological functions such as ionic properties, pacemaker function, conduction, and characteristics of excitation-contraction coupling in the early embryonic heart are discussed.

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miR-1/133a Clusters Cooperatively Specify the Cardiomyogenic Lineage by Adjustment of Myocardin Levels during Embryonic Heart Development

PLoS Genetics ◽

10.1371/journal.pgen.1003793 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. e1003793 ◽

Cited By ~ 76

Author(s):

Katharina Wystub ◽

Johannes Besser ◽

Angela Bachmann ◽

Thomas Boettger ◽

Thomas Braun

Keyword(s):

Heart Development ◽

Embryonic Heart

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Signal transduction and transcriptional adaptation in embryonic heart development and during myocardial hypertrophy

Stress Adaptation, Prophylaxis and Treatment ◽

10.1007/978-1-4615-5097-6_11 ◽

1999 ◽

pp. 93-97

Author(s):

Satish Ghatpande ◽

Shyamal Goswami ◽

Eduardo Mascareno ◽

M. A. Q. Siddiqui

Keyword(s):

Signal Transduction ◽

Heart Development ◽

Myocardial Hypertrophy ◽

Embryonic Heart ◽

Transcriptional Adaptation

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The design, instrumentation, and validation of a multiphase shock tube facility

10.32469/10355/62027 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Constantine Gregory Avgoustopoulos

Keyword(s):

Shock Tube ◽

Quantitative Data ◽

Velocity Difference ◽

Gas Cylinder ◽

First Case ◽

Experimental Apparatus ◽

Large Particles ◽

Particle Imaging ◽

Atwood Number ◽

Number Of Particles

This paper investigates the experimental work in Shock Driven Multiphase Instabilities (SDMI). SDMIs occur when an interface consisting of a particle seeded gas is instantaneously accelerated and begins mixing. SDMIs have similar flow morphologies to the Richtmyer-Meshkov Instability (RMI), however, the driving force inducing this flow is very different. SDMIs occur when there is a relative velocity difference between surrounding gas and the moving particles. This results to a shear at the edges and ultimately leads to rollups that are similar to a RMI. To investigate this phenomena, a shock tube facility was designed, calibrated, and tested to perform experiments. The experimental data was qualitatively compared to simulations performed, as well as to literature of similar experiments. Quantitative data was analyzed using Particle Imaging Velocimetry (PIV) to understand the flow of the instability. The flow morphologies observed in experiments have similar behavior to those performed in simulations. Additionally, the qualitative observations of experiments performed in this lab are also in agreement with experimental literature. Two different effective Atwood numbers are investigated in this study. The first case looks at a gas cylinder interface with an effective Atwood number of -0.01 and a gas Atwood number of -0.02, shocked with a Mach 1.66 shock wave. The observations show a dominating instability resulting in the gas Atwood number. What ends up happening is the smaller particles are pulled into the vortex and the large particles separate and trail behind. The second case looks at the same gas cylinder perturbation but with an effective Atwood number of 0.03 and a gas Atwood number of 0, shocked at Mach 1.66. The higher Atwood number was achieved by modifying the experimental apparatus slightly to deliver a greater number of particles to the shock tube. The experiments observed show that there is agreement with literature and simulations. Certain unusual filaments begin forming at late times, 4.0ms after shock. This was thought to only appear in a pure RMI. In the case of a SDMI, these filaments are a result of colliding particles.

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Investigating the Effect of Hyperglycemia on Embryonic Heart Development using the Chick Embryo Model

University of the Future: Re-Imagining Research and Higher Education ◽

10.29117/quarfe.2020.0137 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Fatiha Benslimane ◽

Muneera Ahmed ◽

Hissa Al-Thani ◽

Maha Al Ser ◽

Huseyin Yalcin

Keyword(s):

Chick Embryo ◽

Heart Development ◽

Embryonic Heart ◽

Chick Embryo Model

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The Na+-Ca2+ Exchanger Is Essential for Embryonic Heart Development in Mice

Molecules and Cells ◽

10.1007/s10059-000-0712-2 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 712-722 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Chung-Hyun Cho ◽

Sung Sook Kim ◽

Myung-jin Jeong ◽

Chin O. Lee ◽

Hee-Sup Shin

Keyword(s):

Heart Development ◽

Embryonic Heart

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Study of Beloussov’s Hyper-Restoration Hypothesis for Regulation of Embryonic Heart Bending

ASME 2010 Summer Bioengineering Conference, Parts A and B ◽

10.1115/sbc2010-19260 ◽

2010 ◽

Author(s):

Ashok Ramasubramanian ◽

Larry A. Taber

Keyword(s):

Heart Development ◽

Embryonic Heart ◽

Developmental Phase ◽

Heart Tube ◽

Shaped Tube

During cardiac c-looping, an important developmental phase in early heart development, the initially straight heart tube (HT) is transformed into a c-shaped tube. Two distinct processes, ventral bending and dextral rotation, constitute c-looping. Previous research suggests that ventral bending is likely driven by forces that are intrinsic to the heart while dextral rotation is driven by forces applied by a pair of omphalomesenteric veins that flank the heart tube and a membrane called the splanchnopleure that lies on top of the heart.

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Say NO to ROS: Their Roles in Embryonic Heart Development and Pathogenesis of Congenital Heart Defects in Maternal Diabetes

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox8100436 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (10) ◽

pp. 436 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Engineer ◽

Saiyin ◽

Greco ◽

Feng

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Nitric Oxide ◽

Congenital Heart Defects ◽

Heart Development ◽

Congenital Heart ◽

Heart Defects ◽

Maternal Diabetes ◽

Embryonic Heart ◽

Pregestational Diabetes ◽

Enos Uncoupling

Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are the most prevalent and serious birth defect, occurring in 1% of all live births. Pregestational maternal diabetes is a known risk factor for the development of CHDs, elevating the risk in the child by more than four-fold. As the prevalence of diabetes rapidly rises among women of childbearing age, there is a need to investigate the mechanisms and potential preventative strategies for these defects. In experimental animal models of pregestational diabetes induced-CHDs, upwards of 50% of offspring display congenital malformations of the heart, including septal, valvular, and outflow tract defects. Specifically, the imbalance of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling is a major driver of the development of CHDs in offspring of mice with pregestational diabetes. NO from endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is crucial to cardiogenesis, regulating various cellular and molecular processes. In fact, deficiency in eNOS results in CHDs and coronary artery malformation. Embryonic hearts from diabetic dams exhibit eNOS uncoupling and oxidative stress. Maternal treatment with sapropterin, a cofactor of eNOS, and antioxidants such as N-acetylcysteine, vitamin E, and glutathione as well as maternal exercise have been shown to improve eNOS function, reduce oxidative stress, and lower the incidence CHDs in the offspring of mice with pregestational diabetes. This review summarizes recent data on pregestational diabetes-induced CHDs, and offers insights into the important roles of NO and ROS in embryonic heart development and pathogenesis of CHDs in maternal diabetes.

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