scholarly journals Distribution of insoluble polysaccharides in the shoot apex of Rhododendron arboreum Linn. during the annual growth cycle

2014 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-169
Author(s):  
Hemant K. Badola ◽  
Ganesh S. Paliwal
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Apex ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Starch Grains ◽  
Rhododendron Arboreum ◽  
Spring Awakening ◽  
Dormant Bud ◽  
Meristematic Activity ◽  
Tannin Degradation ◽  
Metabolic Activities

Starch grains occur all over the dormant shoot apex of <em>Rhododendron arboreum</em> except in the bud scales. They are abundant in the peripheral, rib and pith meristem cells. as well as in the youngest leaf primordia. Tannin is present in the entire dormant bud hut for the cells of the apical meristem and leaf primordia. Gradually, tannin degradation into numerous globules occurs. This is concomitant with the disappearance of starch grains and indicates the earliest structural manifestation of spring awakening by meristematic activity in the buds. The weak affinity of tannin globules to PAS is due to their hydrolysis which releases glucose for metabolic activities. Thus, a parallelism seems to exist between the metabolism of tannins and starch in relation to the various phases of bud development.

Influence de la température et de la durée d'un traitement cryoprotecteur sur la résistance au froid de plantules de blé. Étude ultrastructurale des ébauches foliaires

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 1025-1039 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Gazeau
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Treatment Period ◽  
Day Treatment ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Starch Grains ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Protective Treatment

Wheat seedlings were treated at different temperatures and for various periods of time with a cold-protective substance, composed of a mixture of glycerol, dimethylsulfoxide, and saccharose. When the treatment was done at 20 °C, slight ultrastructural changes appeared in leaf primordia as soon as day 1. Thus numbers of lipid globules increased significantly. When the treatment period was increased to 4 days, numbers of starch grains increased, and there was a marked enlargement of mitochondria and plasts. When the treatment was done at 2 °C, cytoplasmic alterations occurred later than at 20 °C. After a 4-day treatment, they were similar to changes induced at 20 °C. When the treatment period was increased to 12 days, dictyosomes were markedly altered. They clustered close to the nucleus in two or three groups and gave rise to numerous pale vesicles with various shapes and sizes. Around each cluster of such vesicles, there gathered many endoplasmic reticulum vesicles and other organelles (mitochondria, plasts, microbodies, vacuoles). A further cooling of 1 °C/min, down to −15 or −30 °C, enhanced these phenomena. After the seedlings were warmed up to 20 °C in distilled water, the changes induced by the frost-protective treatment and then by freezing were shown to be reversible. [Journal translation]

The shoot apex and the ontogeny of axillary buds in Cuminum cyminum L

1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 241 ◽  
Author(s):  
JJ Shah ◽  
K Unnikrishnan
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Apex ◽  
Peripheral Zone ◽  
Axillary Bud ◽  
Vegetative Shoot ◽  
Apical Position ◽  
Leaf Initiation ◽  
Axillant Leaf ◽  
Meristematic Activity ◽  
Vegetative Shoot Apex ◽  
The One

The structure and plastochronic changes of the shoot apex, and the origin, development, procambialization, and vascular relationships of the axillary bud in Cuminum cyminium were investigated. Pre-leaf initiation, leaf initiation, and post-leaf initiation phases of the shoot apex are identified. The inflorescence is axillary. During flowering the main vegetative shoot apex is semispherical, stratified, and devoid of any distinction between the central and peripheral zones. The vegetative axillary bud is differentiated from the peripheral zone of the shoot apex at the second node. It is delimited by an arcuate shell zone which helps in changing the apical position of the bud to foliar. The emergence of the bud is effected by the meristematic activity of tunica and corpus cells. A single prophyll is formed at right angles to the axillant leaf. Usually the bud trace procambium is differentiated during prophyll initiation. Occasionally it may be seen earlier, but not in connection with the earliest visible bud meristem. There are four to six strands of the bud trace directly interconnecting not only the strands of the prophyll and axillant leaf traces but also those of the second or sometimes even the third bud leaf and the axillant leaf. The bud trace procambial connection is formed by basipetal and acropetal differentiation of procambium in which the bud meristem cells and vacuolated ground meristem cells below the bud are involved. The cells of the peripheral zone of the bud apex below the prophyll primordium procambialize in a basipetal direction. As a continuation from the strand of the axillant leaf trace, the adjacent vacuolated ground meristem cells below the bud acropetally differentiate into procambial cells in the direction of the basipetal procambium and they make connection with it. All the strands of the bud trace are not simultaneously developed. The vegetative and inflorescence buds show varying vascular relationships between the strands of the leaf traces and those of the bud traces. The node differentiated during the vegetative phase of the plant is trilacunar and the one formed at flowering time is tetra- or pentalacunar. The nature and number of bud trace strands, however, suggest fundamental similarities between vegetative and inflorescence buds.

Bud development in western hemlock. I. Annual growth cycle of vegetative buds

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (11) ◽  
pp. 2223-2231 ◽  
Author(s):  
John N. Owens ◽  
Marje Molder
Keyword(s):  
Mitotic Activity ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Vegetative Buds ◽  
Number Of Leaves

Vegetative apices of mature Tsnga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. were studied throughout the annual growth cycle. Apices become mitotically active during the last week of March. Leaf primordia elongate, causing the buds to swell, while the apex remains small and produces bud scales. Axillary buds are initiated about mid-April. Little shoot elongation occurs before vegetative buds burst in mid-May. After bud burst, rapid shoot elongation occurs for about 7 weeks, during which time the apex also elongates and the rest of the bud scales are initiated. There is a marked increase in mitotic activity in the apex during the transition from bud-scale initiation to leaf initiation, which occurs early in July when the grand phase of shoot elongation is complete. This is believed to be the time when vegetative apices undergo transition to become reproductive apices. Leaf primordia are initiated in rapid succession until mid-August, when two-thirds of the final number of leaves are initiated and the subtending shoot is fully elongated. From mid-August until mid-November, no shoot elongation occurs, leaf primordia are initiated more slowly, and mitotic activity in the apex gradually decreases. After all of the next season's leaves have been initiated, about mid-November, mitotic activity in the apex stops and the vegetative buds become dormant.

The rotated-lamina syndrome. VI. The range from partial to near-complete rotation in Tiliaceae and Sterculiaceae

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 170-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Charlton
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Shoot Apex ◽  
Leaf Development ◽  
Leaf Primordia

The rotated-lamina syndrome is a condition most commonly found in dorsiventral shoots with distichous phyllotaxis. Typically, young laminae in bud appear to be rotated to face towards the upper side of the shoot. The syndrome arises by asymmetrical growth from leaf primordia that initially face the shoot apex in approximately the normal way. It was previously described in Tilia. Further genera of Tiliaceae and the closely related Sterculiaceae were examined for the presence of the syndrome. Altogether it was found in 9 genera of the 30 examined. The syndrome is well developed in representatives of Commersonia, Corchorus, and Pterospermum, and less well developed in Luehia seemannii. Expression of the syndrome is minimal in Luehia divaricata, Theobroma, Byttneria, and Grewia. In all cases with distichous phyllotaxis that were examined in these families, the leaf primordia show at least some asymmetry in development and consequently there appears to be a predisposition to lamina rotation within the group. The syndrome is probably becoming suppressed in cases with minimal expression. The situation in dorsiventral shoots of Corchorus and Byttneria is complicated by the presence of inflorescences that arise in a leaf-opposed position. Key words: Sterculiaceae, Tiliaceae, leaf, development, dorsiventrality, lamina rotation.

The initial protrusion of a leaf primordium can form without concurrent periclinal cell divisions

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (9) ◽  
pp. 1601-1603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald E. Foard
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Shoot Apex ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Leaf Primordium ◽  
Initial Number ◽  
Wheat Grains ◽  
Cell Divisions ◽  
Number Of Cells

The view that periclinal cell divisions cause the initial protrusion of a leaf primordium may be tested by using ionizing radiation to prevent cell divisions without preventing growth. After receiving 800 krad of gamma rays, wheat grains containing embryos with three leaf primordia produce seedlings in which a fourth protrusion of the shoot apex forms unaccompanied by cell divisions. This protrusion without periclinal divisions occurs in the same phyllotactic position as that of the fourth leaf primordium in which periclinal divisions occur. In addition to proper phyllotactic position, the protrusion without cell divisions is formed by the outermost cell layer, as is the initial protrusion of a typical leaf primordium of wheat; moreover, the initial number of cells involved is the same in both kinds of protrusions. Therefore the fourth protrusion in seedlings from irradiated grain is interpreted as the initial protrusion of a leaf primordium that formed without periclinal cell divisions. Measured along the axis of greatest extension, the protrusions without cell divisions represent about a four- to eight-fold increase over the anticlinal dimension of the surface-cell layer in the embryo. These protrusions do not develop further. The absence of cell divisions limits the extent of primordial growth, but does not prevent its inception. Periclinal cell divisions do not cause the initial protrusion of a leaf primordium.

Bud development in Sitka spruce. I. Annual growth cycle of vegetative buds and shoots

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 313-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
John N. Owens ◽  
Marje Molder
Keyword(s):  
Early Period ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Leaf Initiation ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Vegetative Bud

Vegetative apices of Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. were studied throughout the annual growth cycle. Apices became mitotically active late in March and the shoot axis and leaf primordia elongated causing the bud to swell. New axillary apices were initiated in mid-April and the terminal apex and new axillary apices initiated bud scales until early in July. Vegetative bud burst occurred early in June and shoot elongation was completed by mid-July. The end of shoot elongation coincided with the onset of leaf initiation. The change from bud-scale to leaf initiation was characterized by a period of increased mitotic activity and rapid apical growth. About half of the final number of leaves were initiated during the early period of rapid leaf initiation. The remaining leaf primordia were initiated more slowly over the next 3 months. Buds became dormant by mid-November.

In vitro development of isolated leaf primordia of Matteuccia struthiopteris

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 916-919 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Von Aderkas ◽  
G. Hicks
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Apex ◽  
Root Formation ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
The Other ◽  
Secondary Development ◽  
In Vitro Development ◽  
Morphological Complexity ◽  
Developmental Fate ◽  
Vitro Development

Primordia (P2–P6) at the shoot apex were excised and cultured on Knudson's medium for a period of 4 weeks. The majority of primordia developed as leaves. The length, mass, and morphological complexity of these leaves were related to initial primordium age and height. There was a consistent trend toward the production of shorter, lighter, and less complex leaves from the younger, smaller initial explants. A second set of experiments traced the developmental fate of isolated primordia (P1–P4) over a longer period of time (12 weeks). Various kinds of secondary development were observed including bud and root development. Bud numbers decreased with primordial age. On the other hand, the rate of root formation increased.

DEVELOPMENTAL STUDIES OF ELODEA CANADENSIS MICHX.: I. MORPHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT AT THE SHOOT APEX

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh M. Dale
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Apex ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Superficial Layer ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Morphological Development ◽  
Developmental Studies ◽  
Adaxial Surface ◽  
Intercalary Meristem ◽  
Leaf Whorl ◽  
Leaf Insertion

The shoot apex consists of a few initial cells at the tip of a thimble devoid of leaf initials for at least 100 μ. Leaf primorida are initiated from the superficial layer of cells, whereas branch buds arising among the; very youngest leaf primordia are produced deeper in the apex. Chinks occur where three or more cell walls come together. The tissue of the stem for the first 200 μ has no internodes. Two squamulae intervaginales lie on the adaxial surface of each leaf with which their development is associated. Internodes are initiated by the longitudinal growth and division of cells from the bottom of the leaf insertion disks. Cells of the young node divide longitudinally to increase the diameter of the nodal disk and to split the intercalary meristem into segments. Internodes are thus initiated with lacunae. Cells destined to become wood vacuolate at the seventh leaf whorl. Scalariform thickenings are produced but quickly disintegrate along with the rest of the xylem cells leaving a lacuna in the center of the stem. The bast surrounding the central xylem differentiates only slightly, beginning at the 20th leaf whorl, whereas the leaf traces and vertical cortical strands are apparent in younger tissue.

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