Short Review of Salt Recovery from Reverse Osmosis Rejects

Freshwater scarcity is a critical challenge that human society has to face in the 21st century. Desalination of seawater by reverse osmosis (RO) membranes was regarded as the most promising technology to overcome the challenge given that plenty of potential fresh water resources in oceans. However, the requirements for high desalination efficiency in terms of permeation flux and rejection rate become the bottle-neck which needs to be broken down by developing novel RO membranes with new structure and composition. Cellulose acetate RO membranes exhibited long durability, chlorine resistance, and outstanding desalination efficiency that are worthy of being recalled to address the current shortcomings brought by polyamide RO membranes. In terms of performance enhancement, it is also important to use new ideas and to develop new strategies to modify cellulose acetate RO membranes in response to those complex challenges. Therefore, we focused on the state of the art cellulose acetate RO membranes and discussed the strategies on membrane structural manipulation adjusted by either phase separation or additives, which offered anti-fouling, anti-bacterial, anti-chlorine, durability, and thermo-mechanical properties to the modified membranes associated with the desalination performance, i.e., permeation flux and rejection rate. The relationship between membrane structure and desalination efficiency was investigated and established to guide the development of cellulose acetate RO membranes for desalination.

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Pollutant Identification by Selected Area Electron Diffraction

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100052675 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 32 ◽

pp. 532-533

Author(s):

R. E. Ferrell ◽

G. G. Paulson ◽

C. W. Walker

Keyword(s):

Thermal Treatment ◽

Electron Diffraction ◽

Sample Preparation ◽

Crystal Structures ◽

Water Samples ◽

Environmental Samples ◽

Short Review ◽

Selected Area Electron Diffraction ◽

Multiple Component

Selected area electron diffraction (SAD) has been used successfully to determine crystal structures, identify traces of minerals in rocks, and characterize the phases formed during thermal treatment of micron-sized particles. There is an increased interest in the method because it has the potential capability of identifying micron-sized pollutants in air and water samples. This paper is a short review of the theory behind SAD and a discussion of the sample preparation employed for the analysis of multiple component environmental samples.

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Cellulose Acetate Reverse Osmosis Membrane Structure

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100095893 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 30 ◽

pp. 528-529

Author(s):

H. K. Plummer ◽

E. Eichen ◽

C. D. Melvin

Keyword(s):

Cellulose Acetate ◽

Reverse Osmosis ◽

Membrane Structure ◽

Freeze Drying ◽

Dense Layer ◽

Water Removal ◽

Reverse Osmosis Membrane ◽

Correct Interpretation ◽

Electron Image ◽

Scanning Electron

Much of the work reported in the literature on cellulose acetate reverse osmosis membranes has raised new and important questions with regard to the dense or “active” layer of these membranes. Several thickness values and structures have been attributed to the dense layer. To ensure the correct interpretation of the cellulose acetate structure thirteen different preparative techniques have been used in this investigation. These thirteen methods included various combinations of water substitution, freeze drying, freeze sectioning, fracturing, embedding, and microtomy techniques with both transmission and scanning electron microscope observations.It was observed that several factors can cause a distortion of the structure during sample preparation. The most obvious problem of water removal can cause swelling, shrinking, and folds. Improper removal of embedding materials, when used, can cause a loss of electron image contrast and, or structure which could hinder interpretation.

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POPDC proteins and cardiac function

Biochemical Society Transactions ◽

10.1042/bst20190249 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 47 (5) ◽

pp. 1393-1404 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Thomas Brand

Keyword(s):

Potential Role ◽

Striated Muscle ◽

Short Review ◽

Effector Proteins ◽

Muscle Disease ◽

Disease Genes ◽

Protein Protein Interaction ◽

Interaction Partners ◽

And Function

Abstract The Popeye domain-containing gene family encodes a novel class of cAMP effector proteins in striated muscle tissue. In this short review, we first introduce the protein family and discuss their structure and function with an emphasis on their role in cyclic AMP signalling. Another focus of this review is the recently discovered role of POPDC genes as striated muscle disease genes, which have been associated with cardiac arrhythmia and muscular dystrophy. The pathological phenotypes observed in patients will be compared with phenotypes present in null and knockin mutations in zebrafish and mouse. A number of protein–protein interaction partners have been discovered and the potential role of POPDC proteins to control the subcellular localization and function of these interacting proteins will be discussed. Finally, we outline several areas, where research is urgently needed.

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Molecular simulation of osmosis, reverse osmosis, and electro-osmosis in aqueous and methanolic electrolyte solutions

Molecular Physics ◽

10.1080/002689798166729 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 95 (3) ◽

pp. 401-408 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

S. MURAD K. ODER J. LIN

Keyword(s):

Reverse Osmosis ◽

Molecular Simulation ◽

Electrolyte Solutions ◽

Electro Osmosis

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From ensemble average to single (nano-) objects properties by X-ray microdiffraction: a short review on structure determination (local strain, composition, ...) and objects manipulation (AFM-coupled)

Revue de Métallurgie ◽

10.1051/metal/2011011 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 107 (10-11) ◽

pp. 433-439

Author(s):

C. Mocuta ◽

K. Mundboth ◽

J. Stangl ◽

B. Krause ◽

A. Malachias ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Structure Determination ◽

Local Strain ◽

Short Review ◽

Ensemble Average ◽

X Ray

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4D printing technology, modern era: A short review

International Journal of Energy Technology ◽

10.32438//ijet.203015 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 92-111

Author(s):

Khodadad Mostakim ◽

Nahid Imtiaz Masuk ◽

Md. Rakib Hasan ◽

Md. Shafikul Islam

Keyword(s):

Smart Materials ◽

Computer Aided Design ◽

Short Review ◽

Stimuli Responsive ◽

4D Printing ◽

Space Applications ◽

Printing Technology ◽

Practical Applications ◽

Biomedical Technologies ◽

Novel Material

The advancement in 3D printing has led to the rapid growth of 4D printing technology. Adding time, as the fourth dimension, this technology ushered the potential of a massive evolution in fields of biomedical technologies, space applications, deployable structures, manufacturing industries, and so forth. This technology performs ingenious design, using smart materials to create advanced forms of the 3-D printed specimen. Improvements in Computer-aided design, additive manufacturing process, and material science engineering have ultimately favored the growth of 4-D printing innovation and revealed an effective method to gather complex 3-D structures. Contrast to all these developments, novel material is still a challenging sector. However, this short review illustrates the basic of 4D printing, summarizes the stimuli responsive materials properties, which have prominent role in the field of 4D technology. In addition, the practical applications are depicted and the potential prospect of this technology is put forward.

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