Identification and Quantification of Phthalate Pollution in Holothuria atra, a Sea Cucumber from the Persian Gulf (Iran)

Abstract Aquatic organisms are a source of organic compounds that hold various features such as medical and nutritional activities. Within the framework of an antimicrobial activity study of marine macro-organisms from the Persian Gulf, bioactive compounds of the sea cucumber Holothuria leucospilota were extracted from the whole body using chloroform and methanol. The extracts were evaluated for their antibacterial effects against methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and staphylococcal enterotoxins producing (SEA, SEB) Staphylococcus aureus strains. Activities have been determined using three methods: disk diffusion tests, minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The results demonstrate that methanol and chloroform extracts have an inhibitory effect on the growth of all strains at MIC concentrations up to 100 mg/ml. Also, chloroform extracts demonstrate bactericidal activity against SEB in concentrations of about 100 mg/ml. The extracts also show bactericidal effects against MRSA and SEB below 100 mg/ml concentrations. The highest antibacterial activity was found in methanol extract. Therefore, sea cucumber extracts are good candidates for the identification of new antimicrobials. Yet, comprehensive investigations are needed to separate and identify the active components for Holothuria leucospilota from the Persian Gulf.

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Holothuria scabra (Holothuroidea: Aspidochirotida): first record of a highly valued sea cucumber, in the Persian Gulf, Iran

Marine Biodiversity Records ◽

10.1017/s1755267212000620 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Abdul-Reza Dabbagh ◽

Musa Keshavarz ◽

Dariush Mohammadikia ◽

Majid Afkhami ◽

Seyyed Afshin Nateghi

Keyword(s):

Persian Gulf ◽

Sea Cucumber ◽

First Record ◽

Holothuria Scabra ◽

The Persian Gulf

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Two sea cucumber species (Holothuria bacilli and H. insignis): first record from the Persian Gulf

Marine Biodiversity Records ◽

10.1017/s1755267215000718 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Majid Afkhami ◽

Maryam Ehsanpour ◽

Ali Nasrolahi

Keyword(s):

Species Identification ◽

Persian Gulf ◽

Sea Cucumber ◽

First Record ◽

Tidal Zone ◽

The Persian Gulf ◽

First Time

In this paper, we record the occurrence for the first time of two sea cucumber species from the Persian Gulf (Hormuz Island). Sea cucumber samples were collected in the sub-tidal zone of the island during low tide. Species identification was accomplished using morphological keys and a review of their ossicles. The collected specimens provide evidence thatHolothuria bacilliandHolothuria insignisare present in the Persian Gulf waters.

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Molecular Networking-Based Analysis of Cytotoxic Saponins from Sea Cucumber Holothuria atra

Marine Drugs ◽

10.3390/md17020086 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 86 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Laura Grauso ◽

Afsaneh Yegdaneh ◽

Mohsen Sharifi ◽

Alfonso Mangoni ◽

Behzad Zolfaghari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sea Cucumber ◽

2D Nmr ◽

Side Chain ◽

Cervix Carcinoma ◽

Molecular Networking ◽

Ic50 Values ◽

The Persian Gulf ◽

Holothuria Atra ◽

Neutral Conditions ◽

Human Cervix

The saponin composition of a specimen of black sea cucumber, Holothuria atra collected in the Persian Gulf was studied by a combined approach including LC-MS/MS, Molecular Networking, pure compound isolation, and NMR spectroscopy. The saponin composition of Holothuria atra turned out to be more complex than previously reported. The most abundant saponins in the extract (1–4) were isolated and characterized by 1D- and 2D-NMR experiments. Compound 1 was identified as a new triterpene glycoside saponin, holothurin A5. The side chain of the new saponin 1, unprecedented among triterpene glycosides, is characterized by an electrophilic enone function, which can undergo slow water or methanol addition under neutral conditions. The cytotoxic activity of compounds 1–4, evaluated on the human cervix carcinoma HeLa cell line, was remarkable, with IC50 values ranging from 1.2 to 2.5 µg/mL.

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