scholarly journals Approximate number system discrimination training for 7-8 year olds improves approximate, but not exact, arithmetics, and only in children with low pre-training arithmetic scores

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-303
Author(s):  
Nuria Ferres-Forga ◽  
Justin Halberda
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Discrimination Training ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
Training Group ◽  
Number System ◽  
Control Group ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Approximate Number System ◽  
Exact Arithmetic ◽  
Arithmetic Performance

We investigated whether training the Approximate Number System (ANS) would transfer to improved arithmetic performance in 7-8 year olds compared to a control group. All children participated in Pre- and Post-Training assessments of exact symbolic arithmetic (additions and subtractions) and approximate symbolic arithmetic abilities (a novel test). During 3 weeks of training (approximately 25 minutes per day, two days per week), we found that children in the ANS Training group had stable individual differences in ANS efficiency and increased in ANS efficiency, both within and across the training days. We also found that individual differences in ANS efficiency were related to symbolic arithmetic performance. Regarding arithmetic performance, both the ANS training group and the control group improved in all tests (exact and approximate arithmetics tests). Thus, the ANS training did not show a specific effect on arithmetic performance. However, considering the initial arithmetic level of children, we found that the trained children showed a higher improvement on the novel approximate arithmetic test compared to the control group, but only for those children with a low pre-training arithmetic score. Nevertheless, this difference within the low pre-training arithmetic score level was not observed in the exact arithmetic test. The limited benefits observed in these results suggest that this type of ANS discrimination training, through quantity comparison tasks, may not have an impact on symbolic arithmetics overall, although we cautiously propose that it could help with approximate arithmetic abilities for children at this age with below-average arithmetic performance.

Does True Inter-Individual Variability Exist in Individual Responses After Endurance Training?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simo Lu
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Measurement Error ◽  
Endurance Training ◽  
Training Group ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Work Rate ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Random Measurement Error ◽  
Random Measurement ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: Despite the apparent existence of individual responses, it remains unknown whether the variability observed in peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) and work rate at onset of blood lactate (OBLAWR) response following exercise training reflects true inter-individual differences. To date, few studies include a non-exercise control group to determine the impact of random/measurement error on the variability associated with VO2peak and OBLAWR responses to endurance training. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether true individual differences exist in responses to training by assessing whether the variability in VO2peak and OBLAWR responses following training exceeded the variability in a non-training control group. Methods: 16 recreationally active males completed two incremental ramp tests to determine VO2peak and OBLAWR. Participants were assigned into the control group (n = 7) or the training group (n = 9; endurance training: 30 minutes of 65% of work rate at VO2peak, four times per week) in a manner to counterbalance baseline VO2peak measures. Results: VO2peak increased significantly (p < 0.05) (+338 ± 416.2 mL/min/kg) and OBLAWR (+32.1 ± 29.2 W) increased following endurance training. The SD in change scores was greater in the training group for VO2peak and OBLAWR than the parallel control group. Specifically, this resulted in large and moderately-large effect sizes at respective values of 0.6 for VO2peak and 0.5 for OBLAWR. Conclusion: Although these preliminary results may suggest that the variability in VO2peak and OBLAWR responses to endurance training reflect true inter-individual variability beyond random/measurement error, a definitive conclusion can be made upon the completion of the study.

scholarly journals Impact of online Internet Training on the Prevention and Control of the Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoli Wang ◽  
Haiyan Zhang ◽  
Hongmei Xu ◽  
Yao Wang ◽  
Ping Wang
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Patient Management ◽  
Online Training ◽  
Training Group ◽  
Medical Waste ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Theoretical Knowledge ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background To observe the impact of online internet training on the prevention and control of the novel coronavirus pneumonia, and to supply clinical evidence for an effective safety training model for emergent public safety situations. Methods A total of 2,080 medical technicians of the Third People’s Hospital of Yancheng, affiliated to Southeast University, were enrolled and divided into two groups based on the training mode (online vs. routine). They were evaluated based on the rate of excellence in five aspects: medical technicians’ prevention and control, patient management, disinfection, medical waste disposal, and hand hygiene. A questionnaire was used to check the theoretical knowledge of both groups of the prevention and control of the new coronavirus pneumonia. Results The online training group had a higher excellence rate for medical technicians’ prevention and control, patient management, disinfection, and medical waste disposal than the control group (p < 0.05). However, there was no statistically significant difference in hand hygiene assessment between the two groups. Based on the self-made questionnaire star-based survey, the online training group was more informed than the control group on the theoretical knowledge of the new coronavirus pneumonia. Conclusion Online training can effectively and safely improve the awareness regarding the infection-related knowledge and compliance of preventive measures. Thus, it should be implemented in hospitals to minimize the risk of cross-transmission among people.

Individual Differences

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Donlan
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Primary School ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Number System ◽  
Basic Number ◽  
Number Processing ◽  
Approximate Number System ◽  
Identification Task ◽  
Comparison Task ◽  
Primary School Mathematics

This article discusses the results of three studies that have attempted to identify the factors underlying individual differences in mathematics. Holloway and Ansari (2009), explored the relation between basic number processing and attainment in primary school mathematics. Mazzocco et al. (2011) used a non-symbolic comparison task as an indicator of a preschool child’s Approximate Number System (ANS). Goebel et al. (2014), who tested the number knowledge of 173 six-year olds using a number identification task. All three studies tested specific hypotheses by making use of individual differences and associations between them. They also strongly validate two fundamental principles: that correlational models are limited by the measurements they contain, and that evidence consistent with a particular hypothesis does not necessarily constitute strong evidence in its favour. This article concludes by providing an overview of the topics covered in this book concerning individual differences in mathematics.

scholarly journals A Smartphone App for Attentional Bias Retraining in Smokers: Mixed Methods Pilot Study (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol C Choo ◽  
Yi Zhuang Tan ◽  
Melvyn W B Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Attentional Bias ◽  
Training Group ◽  
Smartphone App ◽  
Control Group ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Smartphone Apps ◽  
Probe Task ◽  
Visual Probe

BACKGROUND Smoking is a global health threat. Attentional bias influences smoking behaviors. Although attentional bias retraining has shown benefits and recent advances in technology suggest that attentional bias retraining can be delivered via smartphone apps, there is a paucity of research on this topic. OBJECTIVE This study aims to address this gap by exploring the use of attentional bias retraining via a novel smartphone app using a mixed methods pilot study. In the quantitative phase, it is hypothesized that participants in the training group who undertake attentional bias retraining via the app should have decreased levels of attentional bias, subjective craving, and smoking frequency, compared with those in the control group who do not undertake attentional bias retraining. The qualitative phase explores how the participants perceive and experience the novel app. METHODS In all, 10 adult smokers (3 females and 7 males) between the ages of 26 and 56 years (mean 34.4 years, SD 9.97 years) were recruited. The participants were randomly allocated to the training and control groups. In weeks 1 and 3, participants from both groups attempted the standard visual probe task and rated their smoking frequency and subjective craving. In week 2, the participants in the training group attempted the modified visual probe task. After week 3, participants from both groups were interviewed about their views and experiences of the novel app. RESULTS The results of the quantitative analysis did not support this study’s hypothesis. The qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The results yielded 5 themes: ease, helpfulness, unhelpful aspects, barriers, and refinement. CONCLUSIONS Findings from the qualitative study were consistent with those from previous studies on health-related smartphone apps. The qualitative results were helpful in understanding the user perspectives and experiences of the novel app, indicating that future research in this innovative area is necessary. CLINICALTRIAL

scholarly journals A Smartphone App for Attentional Bias Retraining in Smokers: Mixed Methods Pilot Study

10.2196/22582 ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. e22582
Author(s):  
Carol C Choo ◽  
Yi Zhuang Tan ◽  
Melvyn W B Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Attentional Bias ◽  
Training Group ◽  
Smartphone App ◽  
Control Group ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Smartphone Apps ◽  
Probe Task ◽  
Visual Probe

Background Smoking is a global health threat. Attentional bias influences smoking behaviors. Although attentional bias retraining has shown benefits and recent advances in technology suggest that attentional bias retraining can be delivered via smartphone apps, there is a paucity of research on this topic. Objective This study aims to address this gap by exploring the use of attentional bias retraining via a novel smartphone app using a mixed methods pilot study. In the quantitative phase, it is hypothesized that participants in the training group who undertake attentional bias retraining via the app should have decreased levels of attentional bias, subjective craving, and smoking frequency, compared with those in the control group who do not undertake attentional bias retraining. The qualitative phase explores how the participants perceive and experience the novel app. Methods In all, 10 adult smokers (3 females and 7 males) between the ages of 26 and 56 years (mean 34.4 years, SD 9.97 years) were recruited. The participants were randomly allocated to the training and control groups. In weeks 1 and 3, participants from both groups attempted the standard visual probe task and rated their smoking frequency and subjective craving. In week 2, the participants in the training group attempted the modified visual probe task. After week 3, participants from both groups were interviewed about their views and experiences of the novel app. Results The results of the quantitative analysis did not support this study’s hypothesis. The qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The results yielded 5 themes: ease, helpfulness, unhelpful aspects, barriers, and refinement. Conclusions Findings from the qualitative study were consistent with those from previous studies on health-related smartphone apps. The qualitative results were helpful in understanding the user perspectives and experiences of the novel app, indicating that future research in this innovative area is necessary.

scholarly journals Does 1 + 1 = 2nd? The relations between children’s understanding of ordinal position and their arithmetic performance

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chi Ngai Cheung ◽  
Stella Lourenco
Keyword(s):  
Number System ◽  
Ordinal Position ◽  
Approximate Number System ◽  
Unique Role ◽  
Mathematical Competence ◽  
Magnitude Processing ◽  
Arithmetic Performance ◽  
Math Development

The current study examined the relations between 5- and 6-year-olds’ understanding of ordinality and their mathematical competence. We focused specifically on “positional operations,” a property of ordinality not contingent on magnitude, in an effort to better understand the unique contributions of position-based ordinality to math development. Our findings revealed that two types of positional operations—the ability to execute representational movement along letter sequences and the ability to update ordinal positions after item insertion or removal—predicted children’s arithmetic performance. Nevertheless, these positional operations did not mediate the relation between magnitude processing (as measured by the acuity of the approximate number system) and arithmetic performance. Taken together, these findings suggest a unique role for positional ordinality in math development. We suggest that positional ordinality may aid children in their mental organization of number symbols, which may facilitate solving arithmetic computations and may support the development of novel numerical concepts.

Approximate Arithmetic Abilities in Childhood

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camilla Gilmore
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Mathematics Achievement ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Number System ◽  
Approximate Number System ◽  
Exact Arithmetic ◽  
Symbolic Representations

This article reviews recent research exploring children’s abilities to perform approximate arithmetic with non-symbolic and symbolic quantities, and considers what role this ability might play in mathematics achievement. It has been suggested that children can use their approximate number system (ANS) to solve approximate arithmetic problems before they have been taught exact arithmetic in school. Recent studies provide evidence that preschool children can add, subtract, multiply, and divide non-symbolic quantities represented as dot arrays. Children can also use their ANS to perform simple approximate arithmetic with non-symbolic quantities presented in different modalities (e.g. sequences of tones) or even with symbolic representations of number. This article reviews these studies, and consider whether children’s performance can be explained through the use of alternative non-arithmetical strategies. Finally, it discusses the potential role of this ability in the learning of formal symbolic mathematics.

scholarly journals Greater Power but Not Strength Gains Using Flywheel Versus Equivolumed Traditional Strength Training in Junior Basketball Players

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 1181
Author(s):  
Marko D. M. Stojanović ◽  
Mladen Mikić ◽  
Patrik Drid ◽  
Julio Calleja-González ◽  
Nebojša Maksimović ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Strength Training ◽  
Training Group ◽  
T Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Sprint Time ◽  
Change Of Direction ◽  
Time Interaction ◽  
And Control

The main aim of the present study was to compare the effects of flywheel strength training and traditional strength training on fitness attributes. Thirty-six well trained junior basketball players (n = 36; 17.58 ± 0.50 years) were recruited and randomly allocated into: Flywheel group (FST; n = 12), traditional strength training group (TST; n = 12) and control group (CON; n = 12). All groups attended 5 basketball practices and one official match a week during the study period. Experimental groups additionally participated in the eight-week, 1–2 d/w equivolume intervention conducted using a flywheel device (inertia = 0.075 kg·m−2) for FST or free weights (80%1 RM) for TST. Pre-to post changes in lower limb isometric strength (ISOMET), 5 and 20 m sprint time (SPR5m and SPR20m), countermovement jump height (CMJ) and change of direction ability (t-test) were assessed with analyses of variance (3 × 2 ANOVA). Significant group-by-time interaction was found for ISOMET (F = 6.40; p = 0.000), CMJ (F = 7.45; p = 0.001), SPR5m (F = 7.45; p = 0.010) and T test (F = 10.46; p = 0.000). The results showed a significantly higher improvement in CMJ (p = 0.006; 11.7% vs. 6.8%), SPR5m (p = 0.001; 10.3% vs. 5.9%) and t-test (p = 0.045; 2.4% vs. 1.5%) for FST compared to the TST group. Simultaneously, th FST group had higher improvement in ISOMET (p = 0.014; 18.7% vs. 2.9%), CMJ (p = 0.000; 11.7% vs. 0.3%), SPR5m (p = 0.000; 10.3% vs. 3.4%) and t-test (p = 0.000; 2.4% vs. 0.6%) compared to the CON group. Players from the TST group showed better results in CMJ (p = 0.006; 6.8% vs. 0.3%) and t-test (p = 0.018; 1.5% vs. 0.6%) compared to players from the CON group. No significant group-by-time interaction was found for sprint 20 m (F = 2.52; p = 0.088). Eight weeks of flywheel training (1–2 sessions per week) performed at maximum concentric intensity induces superior improvements in CMJ, 5 m sprint time and change of direction ability than equivolumed traditional weight training in well trained junior basketball players. Accordingly, coaches and trainers could be advised to use flywheel training for developing power related performance attributes in young basketball players.

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