scholarly journals The Sex Chromosomes of Frogs: Variability and Tolerance Offer Clues to Genome Evolution and Function

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 68-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob W. Malcom ◽  
Randal S. Kudra ◽  
John H. Malone
Keyword(s):  
Genome Evolution ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
And Function

SINE-B1 Distribution and Chromosome Rearrangements in the South American Proechimys gr. goeldii (Echimyidae, Rodentia)

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Naiara P. Araújo ◽  
Radarane S. Sena ◽  
Cibele R. Bonvicino ◽  
Gustavo C.S. Kuhn ◽  
Marta Svartman
Keyword(s):  
Transposable Element ◽  
Genome Evolution ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Chromosomal Rearrangements ◽  
Evolutionary Relationship ◽  
Chromosome Rearrangements ◽  
South American ◽  
Gross Chromosomal Rearrangements

<i>Proechimys</i> species are remarkable for their extensive chromosome rearrangements, representing a good model to understand genome evolution. Herein, we cytogenetically analyzed 3 different cytotypes of <i>Proechimys</i> gr. <i>goeldii</i> to assess their evolutionary relationship. We also mapped the transposable element SINE-B1 on the chromosomes of <i>P.</i> gr. <i>goeldii</i> in order to investigate its distribution among individuals and evaluate its possible contribution to karyotype remodeling in this species. SINE-B1 showed a dispersed distribution along chromosome arms and was also detected at the pericentromeric regions of some chromosomes, including pair 1 and the sex chromosomes, which are involved in chromosome rearrangements. In addition, we describe a new cytotype for <i>P.</i> gr. <i>goeldii</i>, reinforcing the significant role of gross chromosomal rearrangements during the evolution of the genus. The results of FISH with SINE-B1 suggest that this issue should be more deeply investigated for a better understanding of its role in the mechanisms involved in the wide variety of <i>Proechimys</i> karyotypes.

scholarly journals Repeat associated mechanisms of genome evolution and function revealed by theMus caroliandMus paharigenomes

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 448-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Thybert ◽  
Maša Roller ◽  
Fábio C.P. Navarro ◽  
Ian Fiddes ◽  
Ian Streeter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Evolution ◽  
And Function

scholarly journals Sex chromosome evolution via two genes

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Harkess ◽  
Kun Huang ◽  
Ron van der Hulst ◽  
Bart Tissen ◽  
Jeffrey L Caplan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Molecule ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Male Gametophyte ◽  
Asparagus Officinalis ◽  
Female Function ◽  
Y Chromosomes ◽  
Autosome Pair ◽  
Garden Asparagus ◽  
And Function

The origin of sex chromosomes has been hypothesized to involve the linkage of factors with antagonistic effects on male and female function. Garden asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) is an ideal species to test this hypothesis, as the X and Y chromosomes are cytologically homomorphic and recently evolved from an ancestral autosome pair in association with a shift from hermaphroditism to dioecy. Mutagenesis screens paired with single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) directly implicate Y-specific genes that respectively suppress female organ development and are necessary for male gametophyte development. Comparison of contiguous X and Y chromosome shows that loss of recombination between the genes suppressing female function (SUPPRESSOR OF FEMALE FUNCTION, SOFF) and promoting male function (TAPETAL DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTION 1, aspTDF1) is due to hemizygosity. We also experimentally demonstrate the function of aspTDF1. These finding provide direct evidence that sex chromosomes can evolve from autosomes via two sex determination genes: a dominant suppressor of femaleness and a promoter of maleness.

scholarly journals From asymmetrical to balanced genomic diversification during rediploidization: Subgenomic evolution in allotetraploid fish

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (22) ◽  
pp. eaaz7677 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Luo ◽  
Jing Chai ◽  
Yanling Wen ◽  
Min Tao ◽  
Guoliang Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Genome Evolution ◽  
Common Carp ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Reference Quality ◽  
And Function ◽  
Allotetraploid Fish

A persistent enigma is the rarity of polyploidy in animals, compared to its prevalence in plants. Although animal polyploids are thought to experience deleterious genomic chaos during initial polyploidization and subsequent rediploidization processes, this hypothesis has not been tested. We provide an improved reference-quality de novo genome for allotetraploid goldfish whose origin dates to ~15 million years ago. Comprehensive analyses identify changes in subgenomic evolution from asymmetrical oscillation in goldfish and common carp to diverse stabilization and balanced gene expression during continuous rediploidization. The homoeologs are coexpressed in most pathways, and their expression dominance shifts temporally during embryogenesis. Homoeolog expression correlates negatively with alternation of DNA methylation. The results show that allotetraploid cyprinids have a unique strategy for balancing subgenomic stabilization and diversification. Rediploidization process in these fishes provides intriguing insights into genome evolution and function in allopolyploid vertebrates.

Structure and function of bacterial H-NS protein

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 1561-1569 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Grainger
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Dna Binding ◽  
Genome Evolution ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Dna Condensation ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Small Peptide ◽  
Self Association ◽  
And Function

The histone-like nucleoid structuring (H-NS) protein is a major component of the folded chromosome in Escherichia coli and related bacteria. Functions attributed to H-NS include management of genome evolution, DNA condensation, and transcription. The wide-ranging influence of H-NS is remarkable given the simplicity of the protein, a small peptide, possessing rudimentary determinants for self-association, hetero-oligomerisation and DNA binding. In this review, I will discuss our understanding of H-NS with a focus on these structural elements. In particular, I will consider how these interaction surfaces allow H-NS to exert its different effects.

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