scholarly journals Internal sensation of pleasure can be explained as a specific conformation of semblance: Inference from electrophysiological findings

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kunjumon Vadakkan
Keyword(s):  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Medium Spiny Neurons ◽  
Functional Link ◽  
Spiny Neurons ◽  
Term Potentiation ◽  
Reduced Ring ◽  
Electrophysiological Findings ◽  
Motor Actions ◽  
Internal Sensation

Semblance hypothesis was able to find a solution for the generation of first- person internal sensation of memory along with provisions for behavioral motor actions. The derived inter-postsynaptic functional LINK (IPL) mechanism was able to explain a large number of findings from different levels of the system ranging from perception to sleep. It was possible to explain long-term potentiation (LTP) as the effect of experimental scaling-up of the changes occurring during natural learning. By keeping the latter relationship as a baseline, it was possible to explain long-term depression (LTD) observed in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a scaled-up change of a mechanism responsible for inducing internal sensation of pleasure. This mechanism provides inter-connectable explanations for the attenuation of postsynaptic potentials, reduced ring of medium spiny neurons and the finding that LTD induced by stimulation of one pathway to NAc occludes the LTD induction by another pathway.

scholarly journals Internal sensation of pleasure can be explained as a specific conformation of semblance: Inference from electrophysiological findings

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kunjumon Vadakkan
Keyword(s):  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Medium Spiny Neurons ◽  
Functional Link ◽  
Spiny Neurons ◽  
Term Potentiation ◽  
Reduced Ring ◽  
Electrophysiological Findings ◽  
Motor Actions ◽  
Internal Sensation

Semblance hypothesis was able to find a solution for the generation of first- person internal sensation of memory along with provisions for behavioral motor actions. The derived inter-postsynaptic functional LINK (IPL) mechanism was able to explain a large number of findings from different levels of the system ranging from perception to sleep. It was possible to explain long-term potentiation (LTP) as the effect of experimental scaling-up of the changes occurring during natural learning. By keeping the latter relationship as a baseline, it was possible to explain long-term depression (LTD) observed in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a scaled-up change of a mechanism responsible for inducing internal sensation of pleasure. This mechanism provides inter-connectable explanations for the attenuation of postsynaptic potentials, reduced ring of medium spiny neurons and the finding that LTD induced by stimulation of one pathway to NAc occludes the LTD induction by another pathway.

scholarly journals Putative role of pharmacogenetics to elucidate the mechanism of tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (17) ◽  
pp. 1199-1223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anton JM Loonen ◽  
Bob Wilffert ◽  
Svetlana A Ivanova
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Tardive Dyskinesia ◽  
Genetic Variants ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Medium Spiny Neurons ◽  
Spiny Neurons ◽  
Long Term Treatment

Identifying biomarkers which can be used as a diagnostic tool is a major objective of pharmacogenetic studies. Most mental and many neurological disorders have a compiled multifaceted nature, which may be the reason why this endeavor has hitherto not been very successful. This is also true for tardive dyskinesia (TD), an involuntary movement complication of long-term treatment with antipsychotic drugs. The observed associations of specific gene variants with the prevalence and severity of a disorder can also be applied to try to elucidate the pathogenesis of the condition. In this paper, this strategy is used by combining pharmacogenetic knowledge with theories on the possible role of a dysfunction of specific cellular elements of neostriatal parts of the (dorsal) extrapyramidal circuits: various glutamatergic terminals, medium spiny neurons, striatal interneurons and ascending monoaminergic fibers. A peculiar finding is that genetic variants which would be expected to increase the neostriatal dopamine concentration are not associated with the prevalence and severity of TD. Moreover, modifying the sensitivity to glutamatergic long-term potentiation (and excitotoxicity) shows a relationship with levodopa-induced dyskinesia, but not with TD. Contrasting this, TD is associated with genetic variants that modify vulnerability to oxidative stress. Reducing the oxidative stress burden of medium spiny neurons may also be the mechanism behind the protective influence of 5-HT2 receptor antagonists. It is probably worthwhile to discriminate between neostriatal matrix and striosomal compartments when studying the mechanism of TD and between orofacial and limb-truncal components in epidemiological studies.

Anatomy and electrophysiology of fast central synapses lead to a structural model for long-term potentiation

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 759-787 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Structural Model ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Postsynaptic Membrane ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Excitatory Synapses ◽  
Term Potentiation ◽  
Gabaergic Synapses ◽  
Electrophysiological Findings ◽  
Central Synapses

Detailed knowledge of the anatomy of central synapses is essential to the interpretation of the vast quantity of electrophysiological findings that have been published in recent years. When their function is considered, it is not surprising that, in both anatomy and electrophysiology, fast central synapses show important differences to the neuromuscular junction. This review concentrates on the detailed anatomy of the common excitatory synapses that impinge on dendritic spines, but also refers to other glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses. This information is brought together with present knowledge of the electrophysiology of fast neurotransmission in the brain. Various types of evidence are outlined, explaining why it is now widely accepted that release of transmitter from a single vesicle virtually saturates the small number of receptors available on the postsynaptic membrane of central synapses. Finally, the anatomic literature suggests that a particular type of spine synapse, which electron microscopy reveals to have a perforated active zone, may represent a synapse with high efficacy. This suggestion is shown to be completely compatible with the electrophysiological data, and a model is presented that shows that all the apparently conflicting data in the field of long-term potentiation could be compatible. This stresses the need for cooperative collaboration between laboratories that have apparently conflicting findings.

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