scholarly journals A review of existing 4-bit crypto S-box cryptanalysis techniques and two new techniques with 4-bit Boolean functions for cryptanalysis of 4-bit crypto S-boxes

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sankhanil Dey ◽  
Ranjan Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Finite Differences ◽  
Boolean Functions ◽  
Major Part ◽  
Linear Cryptanalysis ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Linear Relations ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Linear Approximations ◽  
Input And Output ◽  
Substitution Boxes

4-bit Linear Relations play an important role in Cryptanalysis of 4-bit Bijective Crypto S-boxes. 4-bit finite differences also a major part of cryptanalysis of 4-bit substitution boxes. Count of existence of all 4-bit linear relations, for all of 16 input and 16 output 4-bit bit patterns of 4-bit bijective crypto S-boxes said as S-boxes has been reported in Linear Cryptanalysis of 4-bit S-boxes. Count of existing finite differences from each element of output S-boxes to distant output S-boxes have been noted in Differential Cryptanalysis of S-boxes. In this paper a brief review of these cryptanalytic methods for 4-bit S-boxes has been introduced in a very lucid and conceptual manner. Two new Analysis Techniques, one to search for the existing Linear Approximations among the input Boolean Functions (BFs) and output BFs of a particular 4-bit S-Box has also been introduced in this paper. The search is limited to find the existing linear relations or approximations in the contrary to count the number existent linear relations among all 16 4-bit input and output bit patterns within all possible linear approximations. Another is to find number of balanced 4-bit BFs in difference output S-boxes. Better the number of Balanced BFs, Better the security.

scholarly journals A review of existing 4-bit crypto S-box cryptanalysis techniques and two new techniques with 4-bit Boolean functions for cryptanalysis of 4-bit crypto S-boxes

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sankhanil Dey ◽  
Ranjan Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Finite Differences ◽  
Boolean Functions ◽  
Major Part ◽  
Linear Cryptanalysis ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Linear Relations ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Linear Approximations ◽  
Input And Output ◽  
Substitution Boxes

4-bit Linear Relations play an important role in Cryptanalysis of 4-bit Bijective Crypto S-boxes. 4-bit finite differences also a major part of cryptanalysis of 4-bit substitution boxes. Count of existence of all 4-bit linear relations, for all of 16 input and 16 output 4-bit bit patterns of 4-bit bijective crypto S-boxes said as S-boxes has been reported in Linear Cryptanalysis of 4-bit S-boxes. Count of existing finite differences from each element of output S-boxes to distant output S-boxes have been noted in Differential Cryptanalysis of S-boxes. In this paper a brief review of these cryptanalytic methods for 4-bit S-boxes has been introduced in a very lucid and conceptual manner. Two new Analysis Techniques, one to search for the existing Linear Approximations among the input Boolean Functions (BFs) and output BFs of a particular 4-bit S-Box has also been introduced in this paper. The search is limited to find the existing linear relations or approximations in the contrary to count the number existent linear relations among all 16 4-bit input and output bit patterns within all possible linear approximations. Another is to find number of balanced 4-bit BFs in difference output S-boxes. Better the number of Balanced BFs, Better the security.

scholarly journals Linear Approximation Analysis: an improved technique for linear cryptanalysis of 4-bit Bijective Crypto S-Boxes

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sankhanil Dey ◽  
Ranjan Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Linear Approximation ◽  
Boolean Functions ◽  
Linear Cryptanalysis ◽  
Linear Relations ◽  
Linear Approximations ◽  
Input And Output ◽  
Approximation Analysis ◽  
Improved Technique

4-bit Linear Relations play an important role in Cryptanalysis of 4-bit Bijective S-Boxes. Count of existence of all 4-bit Linear Relations, for all of 16 input and output 4-bit bit patterns of 4-bit Bijective S-Boxes said as S-Boxes has been reported in Linear Cryptanalysis of 4-bit S-Boxes. In this paper a brief review of this cryptanalytic method for 4-bit S-Boxes has been introduced in a very lucid and conceptual manner. A new Analysis to search for the existing Linear Approximations among the input Boolean Functions (BFs) and output BFs of a particular 4-bit S-Box has also been introduced in this paper. The search is limited to find the existing Linear Relations or Approximations in the contrary to count the number existence among all 16 4-bit input and output bit patterns for all possible linear approximations.

scholarly journals Linear Approximation Analysis: an improved technique for linear cryptanalysis of 4-bit Bijective Crypto S-Boxes

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sankhanil Dey ◽  
Ranjan Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Linear Approximation ◽  
Boolean Functions ◽  
Linear Cryptanalysis ◽  
Linear Relations ◽  
Linear Approximations ◽  
Input And Output ◽  
Approximation Analysis ◽  
Improved Technique

4-bit Linear Relations play an important role in Cryptanalysis of 4-bit Bijective S-Boxes. Count of existence of all 4-bit Linear Relations, for all of 16 input and output 4-bit bit patterns of 4-bit Bijective S-Boxes said as S-Boxes has been reported in Linear Cryptanalysis of 4-bit S-Boxes. In this paper a brief review of this cryptanalytic method for 4-bit S-Boxes has been introduced in a very lucid and conceptual manner. A new Analysis to search for the existing Linear Approximations among the input Boolean Functions (BFs) and output BFs of a particular 4-bit S-Box has also been introduced in this paper. The search is limited to find the existing Linear Relations or Approximations in the contrary to count the number existence among all 16 4-bit input and output bit patterns for all possible linear approximations.

scholarly journals Statistical Model of Correlation Difference and Related-Key Linear Cryptanalysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 124-137
Author(s):  
Kaisa Nyberg
Keyword(s):  
Boolean Functions ◽  
Multinomial Distribution ◽  
Linear Cryptanalysis ◽  
Multivariate Normal ◽  
Linear Approximations ◽  
Multidimensional Linear Approximation ◽  
Multivariate Normal Approximation ◽  
Mean And Variance ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

The goal of this work is to propose a related-key model for linear cryptanalysis. We start by giving the mean and variance of the difference of sampled correlations of two Boolean functions when using the same sample of inputs to compute both correlations. This result is further extended to determine the mean and variance of the difference of correlations of a pair of Boolean functions taken over a random data sample of fixed size and over a random pair of Boolean functions. We use the properties of the multinomial distribution to achieve these results without independence assumptions. Using multivariate normal approximation of the multinomial distribution we obtain that the distribution of the difference of related-key correlations is approximately normal. This result is then applied to existing related-key cryptanalyses. We obtain more accurate right-key and wrong-key distributions and remove artificial assumptions about independence of sampled correlations. We extend this study to using multiple linear approximations and propose a Χ2-type statistic, which is proven to be Χ2 distributed if the linear approximations are independent. We further examine this statistic for multidimensional linear approximation and discuss why removing the assumption about independence of linear approximations does not work in the related-key setting the same way as in the single-key setting.

New Rapid Failure Analysis Techniques for Multilevel Metallization

MRS Bulletin ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 74-77
Author(s):  
Edward I. Cole ◽  
Richard E. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Product Development ◽  
Failure Analysis ◽  
New Product Development ◽  
New Product ◽  
Electronics Industry ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Failure Site

Open interconnections on integrated circuits (ICs) are a serious and ubiquitous problem throughout the micro-electronics industry. The efforts to understand the mechanisms responsible for producing open interconnections and to develop analytical methods to localize them demonstrate the concern manufacturers have for this problem. Multiple layers of metallization not only increase the probability that an open conductor or via will occur because of the increased number of interconnections and vias but also increase the difficulty in localizing the site of the failure because upper layers may mask the failure site.Rapid failure analysis of open-conductor defects is critical in new product development and reliability assessment of ICs where manufacturing and product development delays can cost millions of dollars a day. In this article, we briefly review some standard failure analysis approaches and then concentrate on new techniques to rapidly locate open-conductor defects that would have been difficult or impossible to identify using earlier methods. Each method is described in terms of the physics of signal generation, application, and advantages and disadvantages when compared to existing methods.

scholarly journals A Class of Methods for the Analysis of Blade Tip Timing Data from Bladed Assemblies Undergoing Simultaneous Resonances—Part II: Experimental Validation

2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Gallego-Garrido ◽  
G. Dimitriadis ◽  
I. B. Carrington ◽  
J. R. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Test ◽  
Experimental Validation ◽  
Test Rig ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Simultaneous Resonances ◽  
Timing Data ◽  
Blade Tip ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Double Resonances

Blade tip timing is a technique for the measurement of vibrations in rotating bladed assemblies. In Part I of this work a class of methods for the analysis of blade tip timing data from bladed assemblies undergoing two simultaneous synchronous resonances was developed. The approaches were demonstrated using data from a mathematical simulation of tip timing data. In Part II the methods are validated on an experimental test rig. First, the construction and characteristics of the rig will be discussed. Then, the performance of the analysis techniques when applied to data from the rig will be compared and analysed. It is shown that accurate frequency estimates are obtained by all the methods for both single and double resonances. Furthermore, the recovered frequencies are used to calculate the amplitudes of the blade tip responses. The presence of mistuning in the bladed assembly does not affect the performance of the new techniques.

scholarly journals Crypto-Archaeology: unearthing design methodology of DES s-boxes

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sankhanil Dey ◽  
Ranjan Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Boolean Function ◽  
Boolean Functions ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Block Cipher ◽  
Block Ciphers ◽  
Public Domain ◽  
Differential Cryptanalysis ◽  
Linear Cryptanalysis ◽  
Strict Avalanche Criterion ◽  
Independence Criterion

US defence sponsored the DES program in 1974 and released it in 1977. It remained as a well-known and well accepted block cipher until 1998. Thirty-two 4-bit DES S-Boxes are grouped in eight each with four and are put in public domain without any mention of their design methodology. S-Boxes, 4-bit, 8-bit or 32-bit, find a permanent seat in all future block ciphers. In this paper, while looking into the design methodology of DES S-Boxes, we find that S-Boxes have 128 balanced and non-linear Boolean Functions, of which 102 used once, while 13 used twice and 92 of 102 satisfy the Boolean Function-level Strict Avalanche Criterion. All the S-Boxes satisfy the Bit Independence Criterion. Their Differential Cryptanalysis exhibits better results than the Linear Cryptanalysis. However, no S-Boxes satisfy the S-Box-level SAC analyses. It seems that the designer emphasized satisfaction of Boolean-Function-level SAC and S-Box-level BIC and DC, not the S-Box-level LC and SAC.

scholarly journals Multidimensional linear cryptanalysis with key difference invariant bias for block ciphers

Cybersecurity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenqin Cao ◽  
Wentao Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Time Complexity ◽  
Block Ciphers ◽  
Linear Cryptanalysis ◽  
Compression Technique ◽  
Key Recovery ◽  
Linear Approximations ◽  
Theoretical Advantage ◽  
Multidimensional Linear ◽  
Multidimensional Linear Cryptanalysis ◽  
Key Recovery Attacks

AbstractFor block ciphers, Bogdanov et al. found that there are some linear approximations satisfying that their biases are deterministically invariant under key difference. This property is called key difference invariant bias. Based on this property, Bogdanov et al. proposed a related-key statistical distinguisher and turned it into key-recovery attacks on LBlock and TWINE-128. In this paper, we propose a new related-key model by combining multidimensional linear cryptanalysis with key difference invariant bias. The main theoretical advantage is that our new model does not depend on statistical independence of linear approximations. We demonstrate our cryptanalysis technique by performing key recovery attacks on LBlock and TWINE-128. By using the relations of the involved round keys to reduce the number of guessed subkey bits. Moreover, the partial-compression technique is used to reduce the time complexity. We can recover the master key of LBlock up to 25 rounds with about 260.4 distinct known plaintexts, 278.85 time complexity and 261 bytes of memory requirements. Our attack can recover the master key of TWINE-128 up to 28 rounds with about 261.5 distinct known plaintexts, 2126.15 time complexity and 261 bytes of memory requirements. The results are the currently best ones on cryptanalysis of LBlock and TWINE-128.

Northumberland Strait bridge: analysis techniques and results

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amin Ghali ◽  
Gamil Tadras ◽  
Paul H. Langohr
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Structural Design ◽  
Major Part ◽  
Thermal Stresses ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Variable Depth ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Ice Forces ◽  
Creep And Shrinkage

The Northumberland Strait at the Atlantic coast of Canada will be crossed by a 13 km bridge. The major part of the superstructure will consist of 44 spans, each of length 250 m and a box cross section of variable depth 4.5–14 m. The superstructure, divided into units of maximum length 192 m, will be produced in a yard by segmental casting and multistage prestressing. These units will be assembled at their final position on top of the piers. Each pier is composed of two pieces, also produced in the yard and connected on site by cast in situ concrete. This paper describes selected analysis problems and their solutions employed in the structural design. The analysis problems are concerned with (i) dynamic response to ice forces; (ii) movements of pier footings and stiffness of the subgrade; (iii) variation of stresses and deformations during construction and during the life of the structure, considering the effects of creep and shrinkage of concrete and relaxation of the prestressed steel; and (iv) thermal stresses. Key words: bridges, concrete, creep, prestress relaxation, segmental construction, shrinkage, strait crossing.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document