Characteristics of the reindeer electrocardiogram

The electrocardiogram (ECG) provides reliable information about heart rate, initiation of heart beat and also, to some degree, indirect evidence on the functional state of the heart muscle. A wide range of such information is readily obtainable from conventional scalar leads, even if the records are limited to a single plane. The present investigation deals with the normal reindeer ECG in the frontal plane. The technique used is the scalar recording technique based on the Einthovenian postulates. The P wave was positive in leads II, III and aVF, negative in lead aVL and variable in leads I and aVR. The direction of the P vector was 60 to 120°. The QRS complex was variable. The most common forms of QRS complex were R and rS in leads I and aVR; R, Rs and rS in lead aVL and Qr or qR in other leads. The most common direction of the QRS vector was 240 to 300°. The T wave was variable. The duration of various intervals and deflection depended on heart rate.Elektrokardiogram på ren.Abstract in Swedish / Sammandrag: Elektrokardiogramet (EKG) ger tillförlitliga uppgifter om hjärtfrekvens, retledning och, indirekt, delvis även om hjärtmuskelns funktionell tillstånd. Största delen av denna information fås med normal skalar koppling även om registrering sker i ett plan. I detta arbete har renens normala EKG i frontalplanet undersökts. Kopplingarna har baserats på Einthovs postulat. P-vågen var riktad uppåt i koppling II, III och aVF, nedåt i koppling aVL och den varierade i koppling I och aVR. P-vektorns riktning var 60 - 120°. QRS-komplexet varierade. De vanligaste formerna var R och rS i koppling I och aVR; R, Rs och rS i koppling aVL och Qr eller qR i andra kopplingar. Vanligen var QRS-vektorns riktning 240 - 300°. T-vågen varierade. Awikelserna och intervallernas längd var beroende av hiärtfrekvenssen.Poron sydänsähkökäyrän ominaisuuksia.Abstract in Finnish / Yhteenveto: Sydänsähkökäyrästä saadaan luotettavaa tietoa sydämen syketiheydestä, sähköisestä johtumisesta ja välillisesti jossain määrin myös sydänlihaksen toiminnallisesta tilasta. Suurin osa tämänkaltaista tietoa voidaan saada tavanomaisia skalaarisia kytkentöjäkäyttäen, ja usein yhdessä tasossa tapahtuva rekisteröinti on riittävä. Tässä työssä on tutkittu porojen normaalia sydänsähkökäyrää ja sen eri poikkeamien suuntautumista frontaalitasossa, kun rekisteröinnissä on käytetty Einthovenin postulaattien mukaisia raajakytkentöjä. P aalto suuntautui ylöspäin kythkennöissä II, III ja aVF, alaspäin kytkennässä aVL ja vaihteli kytkennöissä I ja aVR. P vektorin suunta oli 60 - 120°. QRS kompleksi vaihteli. Tavallisimmat muodot olivat R ja rS kytkennöissä I ja aVR; R, Rs ja rS kytkennässä aVL ja Qr tai qR muissa kytkennöissä. Tavallisin QRS vektorin suunta oli 240 - 300°. T aalto vaihteli. Poikkeaminen ja intervallien kesto riippui sydämen syketiheydestä.

Download Full-text

ECG SIGNAL GENERATION AND HEART RATE VARIABILITY SIGNAL EXTRACTION: SIGNAL PROCESSING, FEATURES DETECTION, AND THEIR CORRELATION WITH CARDIAC DISEASES

Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology ◽

10.1142/s021951941240012x ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 12 (04) ◽

pp. 1240012 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

GOUTHAM SWAPNA ◽

DHANJOO N. GHISTA ◽

ROSHAN JOY MARTIS ◽

ALVIN P. C. ANG ◽

SUBBHURAAM VINITHA SREE

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Heart Rate Variability ◽

Sinus Bradycardia ◽

Premature Ventricular Contraction ◽

P Wave ◽

Ecg Signal ◽

Qrs Complex ◽

T Wave ◽

St Segment ◽

Cardiac Disorders

The sum total of millions of cardiac cell depolarization potentials can be represented by an electrocardiogram (ECG). Inspection of the P–QRS–T wave allows for the identification of the cardiac bioelectrical health and disorders of a subject. In order to extract the important features of the ECG signal, the detection of the P wave, QRS complex, and ST segment is essential. Therefore, abnormalities of these ECG parameters are associated with cardiac disorders. In this work, an introduction to the genesis of the ECG is given, followed by a depiction of some abnormal ECG patterns and rhythms (associated with P–QRS–T wave parameters), which have come to be empirically correlated with cardiac disorders (such as sinus bradycardia, premature ventricular contraction, bundle-branch block, atrial flutter, and atrial fibrillation). We employed algorithms for ECG pattern analysis, for the accurate detection of the P wave, QRS complex, and ST segment of the ECG signal. We then catagorited and tabulated these cardiac disorders in terms of heart rate, PR interval, QRS width, and P wave amplitude. Finally, we discussed the characteristics and different methods (and their measures) of analyting the heart rate variability (HRV) signal, derived from the ECG waveform. The HRV signals are characterised in terms of these measures, then fed into classifiers for grouping into categories (for normal subjects and for disorders such as cardiac disorders and diabetes) for carrying out diagnosis.

Download Full-text

Electrocardiographic parameters of the American Miniature Horse: influence of age and sex

Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0100-736x2016000600015 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 36 (6) ◽

pp. 551-558

Author(s):

Bianca P. Santarosa ◽

Maria L.G. Lourenço ◽

Gabriela N. Dantas ◽

Carla M.V. Ulian ◽

Marta C.T. Heckler ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Age Groups ◽

Frontal Plane ◽

The Elderly ◽

P Wave ◽

Sinus Arrhythmia ◽

T Wave ◽

St Segment ◽

Electrocardiographic Parameters ◽

Electrocardiogram Ecg ◽

Age And Sex

Abstract: The veterinary cardiology has growing importance in equine medicine. There are studies of standardization of electrocardiographic parameters of many races, according to their stature and ability. However, no studies are in the literature with the American Miniature Horse. To evaluate the electrocardiogram (ECG) tracing configuration of this breed at rest and to verify the influence of age and sex on ECG parameters, 203 horses including 143 females and 60 males were divided into four age groups (foals, yearlings, adults and elderly). Electrocardiographic parameters were performed by computerized electrocardiogram (TEB), and the parameters were evaluated in six leads of frontal plane (Lead I, II, III, aVR, aVL and aVF) and base-apex (BA). Heart rates (HR) decreased with increasing age were higher in males than in females. Sinus tachycardia followed by sinus arrhythmia was dominant in both sexes. The cardiac axis was higher in males and ranged between 120° and 150° for foals, 30° and 60° for yearlings and adults, and 60° and 90° for the elderly. The P wave was bifid in several animals. The P-wave amplitude and T-wave duration from lead II and BA were larger in males than in females. The majority of the animals exhibited ST segment depression and a negative T-wave. The most common QRS complex morphology was Qr. Differences were observed between the electrocardiographic tracings of males and females, and age influenced the ECG parameters. Therefore, this study established the ECG patterns for the American Miniature Horse breed and could be used to determine the influence of age and sex on several of the studied variables.

Download Full-text

Design of a Programmable ECG Generator Using a Dynamical Model

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.311.485 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 311 ◽

pp. 485-490 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ying Chieh Wei ◽

Ying Yu Wei ◽

Shaang Tzuu Wey ◽

Ling Sheng Jang

Keyword(s):

Differential Equation ◽

Heart Rate ◽

Flash Memory ◽

Qrs Complex ◽

Universal Serial Bus ◽

Bundle Branch Block ◽

T Wave ◽

Efficiency Of Algorithms ◽

Different Types ◽

Electrocardiogram Ecg

This article is to design and develop a programming electrocardiogram (ECG) generator. It can be used to test the efficiency of algorithms and to calibration and maintenance of electrocardiograph equipment. We simplified and modified the three coupled ordinary differential equations of McSharry’s model to single differential equation to generate the synthetic ECG waveforms. This generator can provide the adjusted amplitude, heart rate, QRS-complex slopes, and P- and T-wave position parameters. The system can set the rage of the average gear rate from 20 to 120 beat per minute (BPM) with an adjustable variation of 1 BPM. The parameters of the adjusted synthetic ECG model can be stored in Flash memory of the system through Universal Serial Bus (USB) 2.0 interface. The results were generated four different ECG waveforms for test which are Lead I, Lead II, hyperkalaemia and left bundle branch block. According to the experimental results, the system can not only generate the ECG waveforms of the setting heart rate but also can adjust the different types of ECG waveforms. ECG generator will generate the synthetic electrocardiograms for testing the electrocardiogram analytic algorithms. ECG generator will generate the synthetic electrocardiograms for testing the electrocardiogram analytic algorithms.

Download Full-text

Electrocardiogram Changes with Acute Alcohol Intoxication: A Systematic Review

The Open Cardiovascular Medicine Journal ◽

10.2174/1874192401812010001 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Hitesh Raheja ◽

Vinod Namana ◽

Kirti Chopra ◽

Ankur Sinha ◽

Sushilkumar Satish Gupta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cardiac Arrhythmias ◽

Alcohol Intoxication ◽

P Wave ◽

Acute Alcohol Intoxication ◽

Qrs Complex ◽

Qtc Prolongation ◽

Ecg Changes ◽

T Wave ◽

St Segment ◽

Electrocardiogram Ecg

Background: Acute alcohol intoxication has been associated with cardiac arrhythmias but the electrocardiogram (ECG) changes associated with acute alcohol intoxication are not well defined in the literature. Objective: Highlight the best evidence regarding the ECG changes associated with acute alcohol intoxication in otherwise healthy patients and the pathophysiology of the changes. Methods: A literature search was carried out; 4 studies relating to ECG changes with acute alcohol intoxication were included in this review. Results: Of the total 141 patients included in the review, 90 (63.8%) patients had P-wave prolongation, 80 (56%) patients had QTc prolongation, 19 (13.5%) patients developed T-wave abnormalities, 10 (7%) patients had QRS complex prolongation, 3 (2.12%) patients developed ST-segment depressions. Conclusion: The most common ECG changes associated with acute alcohol intoxication are (in decreasing order of frequency) P-wave and QTc prolongation, followed by T-wave abnormalities and QRS complex prolongation. Mostly, these changes are completely reversible.

Download Full-text

Research on the Values of Amplitudes of Electrocardiographic Waves Depending on Age in Kids

Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca Veterinary Medicine ◽

10.15835/buasvmcn-vm:2020.0019 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 77 (2) ◽

pp. 80

Author(s):

Dragos Corneliu COTOR ◽

Gabriel GAJAILA ◽

Aurel DAMIAN ◽

Ana Maria ZAGRAI ◽

Carmen PETCU ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Statistical Analysis ◽

Electric Activity ◽

P Wave ◽

Mechanical Activity ◽

Qrs Complex ◽

T Wave ◽

Electrocardiogram Ecg

The electrocardiogram (ECG) is a graphical recording of the cardiac electric activity during cardiac revolutions. This bio-current triggers and maintains the mechanical activity of the heart. Within this research, the amplitudes values of the electrocardiographic waves were determined in 6 leads: I, II, III, aVL, aVR and aVF. Thus, some electrocardiograms were recorded using limb lead in clinically healthy kids, aged 1 month, 3 months and 5 months, in order to achieve the proposed objectives. Then, the statistical analysis of the obtained results was performed using t (student) test.As a consequence of the interpretation of the obtained results, it was noticed that the limb leads can be used successfully for recording the electrocardiogram in kids because it provides an easy aspect to interpret. The highest amplitude of the electrocardiographic waves is recorded in I lead, in the case of the 1 month old kids (having the following values: 0.115 mV ± 0.010 for P wave; 0.625 mV ± 0.078 for QRS complex; 0.460 mV ± 0.045 for T wave) and in II lead (having the following values for the 3 months old kids: 0.071 mV ± 0.015 for P wave; 0.540 mV ± 0.064 for QRS complex; 0.310 mV ± 0.052 for T wave and having the following values for the 5 months old kids: 0.071 mV ± 0.015 for P wave; 0.455 mV ± 0.028 for QRS complex; 0.430 mV ± 0.026 for T wave). It also found that the lowest amplitude of electrocardiographic waves is recorded in the aVF lead, but this lead cannot be used for ECG recording in kids.

Download Full-text

Electrocardiogram of Clinically Healthy Mithun (Bos frontalis): Variation among Strains

Veterinary Medicine International ◽

10.4061/2010/790310 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 2010 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sagar Sanyal ◽

Pradip Kumar Das ◽

Probal Ranjan Ghosh ◽

Kinsuk Das ◽

Kezha V. Vupru ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Respiration Rate ◽

Rectal Temperature ◽

The Other ◽

P Wave ◽

Qrs Complex ◽

T Wave ◽

Genetic Strains ◽

The Mean ◽

Bovine Species

A study was conducted to establish the normal electrocardiogram in four different genetic strains of mithun (Bos frontalis). Electrocardiography, cardiac electrical axis, heart rate, rectal temperature and respiration rate were recorded in a total of 32 adult male mithun of four strains ( each). It was found that the respiration and heart rates were higher () in Manipur than other three strains. Amplitude () and duration of P wave and QRS complex differed () among the strains. Mizoram strain had the highest amplitude and duration of P wave and QRS complex. On the other hand, higher () amplitude and duration of T wave were recorded in Arunachalee and Mizoram strains. The mean electrical axis of QRS complex that were recorded for Arunachalee and Manipur strains were similar to that reported for other bovine species; whereas the electrical axis of QRS for Nagamese and Mizoram strains were more close to feline and caprine species, respectively. In conclusion, electrocardiogram of mithun revealed that the amplitude and duration of P wave, QRS complex and T wave were different among four different genetic strains of mithun and the electrical axis of QRS complex for Nagamese and Mizoram mithuns are dissimilar to bovine species.

Download Full-text

Effect of pregnancy and correlation of weight and heart rate with electrocardiographic parameters in the American Miniature Horse

Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia ◽

10.1590/1678-4162-8726 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 68 (3) ◽

pp. 579-586

Author(s):

B.P. Santarosa ◽

M.L.G. Lourenço ◽

G.N. Dantas ◽

C.M.V. Ulian ◽

M.C.T. Heckler ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Body Weight ◽

Frontal Plane ◽

P Wave ◽

Cardiac Physiology ◽

Horse Breed ◽

Gestational Period ◽

Qt Intervals ◽

Electrocardiographic Parameters ◽

Electrocardiogram Ecg

ABSTRACT There are studies on electrocardiogram (ECG) in several breeds of horses, which highlights the growing importance of cardiology in this species. But few authors have addressed the influence of pregnancy on the cardiac physiology of the mare, and specifically, there are no studies on the Mini-horse breed, as well as no correlation of body weight (BW) and heart rate (HR) with electrocardiographic parameters in this breed. The aims of this study were to determine the effects of pregnancy on ECG parameters and to examine the relationships between these variables and body weight (BW) and heart rate (HR). A total of 203 animals were used, including 143 females (66 pregnant) and 60 males. Electrocardiographic examinations were performed by computerized electrocardiogram (TEB), and the parameters were evaluated in six leads in the frontal plane (Lead I, II, III, aVR, aVL and aVF) and base-apex (BA). BW was inversely proportional to HR, which in turn showed an inverse relationship with the duration of the P-wave and the PR and QT intervals. The P-wave amplitude (lead II) was higher in pregnant animals than in non-pregnant animals. The effect of reproductive status should be monitored by ECG throughout the entire gestational period. The 66 pregnant mares in this study were examined during the first third of their pregnancies, thus, few differences were observed between pregnant and non-pregnant animals.

Download Full-text

Opening the black box: interpretability of machine learning algorithms in electrocardiography

Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences ◽

10.1098/rsta.2020.0253 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 379 (2212) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Matteo Bodini ◽

Massimo W. Rivolta ◽

Roberto Sassi

Keyword(s):

Machine Learning ◽

Machine Learning Algorithms ◽

P Wave ◽

Qrs Complex ◽

Ecg Signals ◽

T Wave ◽

Cardiac Abnormalities ◽

Challenges And Opportunities ◽

Clinically Significant ◽

Electrocardiogram Ecg

Recent studies have suggested that cardiac abnormalities can be detected from the electrocardiogram (ECG) using deep machine learning (DL) models. However, most DL algorithms lack interpretability, since they do not provide any justification for their decisions. In this study, we designed two new frameworks to interpret the classification results of DL algorithms trained for 12-lead ECG classification. The frameworks allow us to highlight not only the ECG samples that contributed most to the classification, but also which between the P-wave, QRS complex and T-wave, hereafter simply called ‘waves’, were the most relevant for the diagnosis. The frameworks were designed to be compatible with any DL model, including the ones already trained. The frameworks were tested on a selected Deep Neural Network, trained on a publicly available dataset, to automatically classify 24 cardiac abnormalities from 12-lead ECG signals. Experimental results showed that the frameworks were able to detect the most relevant ECG waves contributing to the classification. Often the network relied on portions of the ECG which are also considered by cardiologists to detect the same cardiac abnormalities, but this was not always the case. In conclusion, the proposed frameworks may unveil whether the network relies on features which are clinically significant for the detection of cardiac abnormalities from 12-lead ECG signals, thus increasing the trust in the DL models. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Advanced computation in cardiovascular physiology: new challenges and opportunities’.

Download Full-text

Circulatory Phenomena During Anoxia in the Newborn Lamb

American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content ◽

10.1152/ajplegacy.1958.193.2.269 ◽

1958 ◽

Vol 193 (2) ◽

pp. 269-271

Author(s):

Herbert S. Harned ◽

Ira K. Brandt ◽

Robert E. Cooke

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Qt Interval ◽

Heart Block ◽

P Wave ◽

Qrs Complex ◽

T Wave ◽

Aortic Blood ◽

Blood Pressures ◽

Definition Of ◽

Umbilical Cords

Newborn lambs were delivered by hysterotomy, their respiratory passages occluded, and their umbilical cords ligated. Lead II electrocardiographs and aortic blood pressures were taken during the increasing asphyxia. Precipitous fall in heart rate resulting from heart block occurred within two minutes of cord ligation. Thereafter progressive fall in heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and pulse pressure occurred. In sequence, the electrocardiogram revealed heart block, return of slow sinus rhythm, lowering of T wave and shortening of QT interval, and terminal loss of P wave with development of bizarre broad QRS complex, low ST takeoff and loss of definition of the QS endpoint.

Download Full-text

Quantification of Interpatient 12-lead ECG Variabilities within a Healthy Cohort

Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering ◽

10.1515/cdbme-2020-3127 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 493-496

Author(s):

Claudia Nagel ◽

Nicolas Pilia ◽

Axel Loewe ◽

Olaf Dössel

Keyword(s):

Healthy Subjects ◽

Large Scale ◽

Machine Learning Algorithms ◽

P Wave ◽

Qrs Complex ◽

T Wave ◽

Healthy Cohort ◽

Electrocardiogram Ecg ◽

Morphology Changes

AbstractThe morphology of the electrocardiogram (ECG) varies among different healthy subjects due to anatomical and structural reasons, such as for example the shape of the heart geometry or the position and size of surrounding organs in the torso. Knowledge about these ECG morphology changes could be used to parameterize electrophysiological simulations of the human heart. In this work, we detected the boundaries of ECG waveforms, i.e. the P-wave, the QRS-complex and the T-wave, in 12- lead ECGs from 918 healthy subjects in the Physionet Computing in Cardiology Challenge 2020 Database with the IBT openECG toolbox. Subsequently, we obtained the onset, the peak and the offset of each P-wave, QRS-complex and T-wave in the signal. In this way, the duration of the P-wave, the QRScomplex and the T-wave, the PQ-, RR- and the QT-interval as well as the amplitudes of the P-wave, the Q-, R- and Speak and the T-wave in each lead were extracted from the 918 healthy ECGs. Their statistical distributions and correlation between each other were assessed. The highest variabilities among the 918 healthy subject were found for the RR interval and the amplitudes of the QRScomplex. The highest correlation was observed for feature pairs that represent the same feature in different leads. Especially the R-peak amplitudes showed a strong correlation across different leads. The calculated feature distributions can be used to optimize the parameters of populations of cardiac electrophysiological models. In this way, realistic in-silico generated surface ECGs can be simulated in large scale and could be used as input data for machine learning algorithms for a classification of cardiovascular diseases.

Download Full-text