Accessibility in Social-Equity Evaluation

2019 ◽  
pp. 101-123
Author(s):  
Jonathan Levine ◽  
Joe Grengs ◽  
Louis A. Merlin
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Social Equity ◽  
Racial Minority ◽  
Decisive Factor ◽  
Equity Analysis ◽  
The Social ◽  
Methodological Considerations ◽  
Equity Evaluation

This chapter argues that because the concept of accessibility enables comparison of transportation's benefits among social groups, it is essential to proper evaluation of the social-equity impacts of transportation decisions. Unlike mobility metrics, which tend to focus on the performance of infrastructure, accessibility metrics are readily analyzed with regard to specific groups of people, such as low-income and racial-minority groups. One group that deserves special attention in equity analysis is people without access to an automobile, because the travel modes available to individuals are the single most decisive factor in determining whether they can reach destinations. However, because accessibility is inherently multidimensional and more complex than standard mobility-based metrics, several methodological considerations are essential for meaningful analysis; considering differences in mode alone is not sufficient. The influence of mode on accessibility tends to vary systematically in metropolitan space, and accessibility analysis must consider the effect of mode and location simultaneously. The chapter then explains the mobility nature of current equity evaluation, and proposes and demonstrates the use of accessibility-based equity-evaluation tools.

Equity Analysis and New Mobility Technologies: Toward Meaningful Interventions

2020 ◽  
pp. 088541222095519
Author(s):  
Matthew Palm ◽  
Steven Farber ◽  
Amer Shalaby ◽  
Mischa Young
Keyword(s):  
Social Equity ◽  
Active Travel ◽  
Transit Systems ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Equity Analysis ◽  
The Social ◽  
Transit Services ◽  
Transit Agencies ◽  
Bike Share

Transit agencies in multiple countries have started piloting the integration of new mobility technologies (NMTs) into their transit services. This article reviews the emerging evidence from NMT-based transit pilots to identify the social equity impacts of NMT–transit integration. We focus on ride-hailing, on-demand transit, microtransit, and active travel NMTs like dockless bike share. We find evidence that three of these technologies have the potential to improve the social equity of transit systems, but we note that most agency pilots do not explicitly measure equity impacts. We offer recommendations on how future pilots should frame equity measurement to yield policy-relevant insights.

scholarly journals Methodological Considerations for Comparison of Cross-species Use of Tactile Contact

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen M. Dudzinski ◽  
Heather M. Hill ◽  
Maria Botero
Keyword(s):  
Pan Troglodytes ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
Divergent Evolution ◽  
Stenella Frontalis ◽  
The Social ◽  
Tactile Contact ◽  
Species Comparisons ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Methodological Considerations

Cross-species comparisons are benefited by compatible datasets; conclusions related to phylogenetic comparisons, questions on convergent and divergent evolution, or homologs versus analogs can only be made when the behaviors being measured are comparable. A direct comparison of the social function of physical contact across two disparate taxa is possible only if data collection and analyses methodologies are analogous. We identify and discuss the parameters, assumptions and measurement schemes applicable to multiple taxa and species that facilitate cross-species comparisons. To illustrate our proposed guidelines for evaluating the role played by tactile contact in social behavior across disparate taxa, this paper presents data on mother-offspring relationships in the two species studied by the authors: chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) and dolphins (bottlenose and spotted, Tursiops truncatus and Stenella frontalis, respectively). Cross-species comparative studies allow for a more comprehensive assessment of the similarities and differences with respect to how animals traverse the relationships that form their social groups and societies.

scholarly journals Swedish and Scottish National Transport Policy and Spend: A Social Equity Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1894
Author(s):  
Tom Rye ◽  
Anders Wretstrand
Keyword(s):  
Social Impact ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
National Level ◽  
Social Equity ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Equity Analysis ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Transport Plan ◽  
Empirical Case Studies ◽  
Distributional Impacts

The topic of social equity in transport planning has been dealt with, in particular, by authors such as Martens (2012) and Martens and Golob (2012) using a social justice based-approach. However, such an approach, whilst valuable and analytically rigorous (based as it is on accessibility modelling), does not consider a wide range of possible other social impacts of transport, as set out in a framework first put forward by Geurs et al. (2009). This paper uses Geurs’ analytical framework to consider two empirical case studies: The National Transport Strategy for Scotland, adopted in January 2016, together with associated national level spending plans; and Sweden’s 2014–2025 National Transport Plan. The paper will first summarise the contents of each document before analysing them in relation to the categories of social impact that Geurs (2009) identifies, and assess how, in relation to each category of impact, various social groups will benefit or disbenefit. A range of projects (planned) to be delivered by the two national strategies is then analysed in relation to the criteria. This analysis shows that the two national strategies/plans are in their distribution of spending, and the projects funded are generally working away from greater social equity in their distributional impacts.

scholarly journals Transportation Equity in China: Does Commuting Time Matter?

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (21) ◽  
pp. 5884 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyun Li ◽  
Hongsheng Chen ◽  
Yu Shi ◽  
Feng Shi
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Social Equity ◽  
Multilevel Regression ◽  
Social Inequity ◽  
The Social ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Commuting Time ◽  
Transportation Equity

Urban commuting, a facet of transportation equity, is an important factor that shapes social equity. Little is known about how commuting practices shape individuals’ perceptions of social equity. To fill this gap, we conducted a multilevel regression using data from the China Labour-force Dynamics Survey 2016. We found that commuters who used private cars had the highest level of perceived social equity, while those who used bicycles had the lowest. Commuting time had a significant negative effect on respondents’ perceived social equity. This study verifies the “commuting paradox” to some extent, as income had no moderating effect on the relationship between commuting time and perceived social equity, which suggests that the social inequity caused by long commutes is not alleviated by higher wages. We also found that the perceived social equity of respondents who commuted on foot or by motorcycle was significantly negatively affected by commuting time. Based on our findings, we propose four ways to alleviate social inequity caused by commuting inequities: consider the commuting time sensitivity of different types of commuters, pay attention to the social equity issues caused by different transportation modes, provide more equitable commuting ways for low-income people, and prioritise public transportation.

scholarly journals Planning transport for social inclusion: An accessibility-activity participation approach

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeff Allen ◽  
Steven Farber
Keyword(s):  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Social Equity ◽  
Activity Participation ◽  
Transit Accessibility ◽  
The Social ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
In Transit ◽  
Important Objective

Social equity is increasingly becoming an important objective in transport planning and project evaluation. This paper provides a framework and an empirical investigation in the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area (GTHA) examining the links between public transit accessibility and the risks of social exclusion, simply understood as the suppressed ability to conduct daily activities at normal levels. Specifically, we use a large-sample travel survey to present a new transport-geography concept termed participation deserts, neighbourhood-level clusters of lower than expected activity participation. We then use multivariate models to estimate where, and for whom, improvements in transit accessibility will effectively increase activity participation and reduce risks of transport-related social exclusion. Our results show that neighbourhoods with high concentrations of low-income and zero-car households located outside of major transit corridors are the most sensitive to having improvements in accessibility increase daily activity participation rates. We contend that transit investments providing better connections to these neighbourhoods would have the greatest benefit in terms of alleviating existing inequalities and reducing the risks of social exclusion. The ability for transport investments to liberate suppressed activity participation is not currently being predicted or valued in existing transport evaluation methodologies, but there is great potential in doing so in order to capture the social equity benefits associated with increasing transit accessibility.

scholarly journals Social Exclusion of People Who Suffer from Mental Disorders: A Proposal for an Explanatory Model

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvana Carneiro Maciel ◽  
Cicero Roberto Pereira ◽  
Tiago Jessé Souza de Lima ◽  
Luana Elayne Cunha de Souza ◽  
Leoncio Camino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Explanatory Model ◽  
Perceived Threat ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Perception Of Threat ◽  
The Social

Abstract Beliefs about the nature of social groups may motivate people to exclude members of minority groups from their conviviality. This process is analyzed in this article by proposing an explanatory model for the social exclusion of people suffering from mental disorders wherein beliefs about the nature of mental disorder, the perception of threat and prejudice contribute to social exclusion. Two studies (Study 1, N = 254; Study 2, N = 236) were conducted with university students who answered the following questions about beliefs and prejudices regarding mental disorders, perceived threat and social exclusion. Regression analyses have shown that exclusion is motivated by prejudice, whose impact is mediated by perceived threat. The results also indicated that prejudice is anchored in participants’ beliefs on the nature of mental disorders, especially those with a religious basis.

scholarly journals Understanding Capabilities, Functionings and Travel in High and Low Income Neighbourhoods in Manila

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 161-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Hickman ◽  
Mengqiu Cao ◽  
Beatriz Mella Lira ◽  
Alexis Fillone ◽  
Jose Bienvenido Biona
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Social Equity ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Activity Participation ◽  
Income Differentials ◽  
The Social ◽  
Private Car ◽  
Study Context ◽  
The City

Transport plays an important role in helping people to access activities and participate in life. The availability of transport networks, the modes available, new infrastructure proposals, and the type of urban development can all impact on and change activity participation, and hence contribute to social equity in the city. This article uses surveys in low and high income neighbourhoods in Manila, the Philippines, to assess the social equity implications of differential access to transport. The analysis demonstrates how the theoretical framework of the Capability Approach (Nussbaum, 2003; Sen, 1985, 1999, 2009) can be used to assess what individuals might be able to access (capabilities) versus their actual travel (functionings). The spatial patterns of travel and access to activities are assessed, demonstrating significant differences by gender, age, income and neighbourhood, in terms of travel mode and cost of travel; health, physical and mental integrity; senses, imagination and thoughts; reasoning and planning; social interaction; natural environment; sustainable modes; and information. This approach to assessing the transport dimensions of social equity offers much potential, based not only on access to resources or consumption of mobility, but also in the opportunities that people have in relation to their activity participation. The case study context is also informative, with Manila providing an example of an Asian city with high levels of private car usage, high levels of congestion, and large spatial and income differentials in travel and associated social equity.

scholarly journals Social Perception in Schizophrenia: Evidence of Reduced Prejudiced Attitudes Among People With a Diagnosis of Schizophrenia

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luigi Castelli ◽  
Luciana Carraro ◽  
Alessia Valmori ◽  
Chiara Uliana ◽  
Massimiliano Paparella
Keyword(s):  
Minority Groups ◽  
Black People ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Lay Persons ◽  
Majority Group ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of

Only recently research in social psychology has started to systematically investigate intergroup attitudes among members of stigmatized minority groups. In particular, the study of the way people with mental health problems perceive the social groups around them is so far very scarce. In this work, we focused on people with schizophrenia, analyzing their attitudes toward another stigmatized group, namely Black individuals. In Study 1, the attitudes toward White and Black people were assessed in a sample of respondents with a diagnosis of schizophrenia and in a sample of non-clinical individuals. Results showed the presence of less negative attitudes toward the minority outgroup (i.e., Black people) among the clinical sample. In Study 2, we aimed at investigating what members belonging to the majority group (i.e., White non-clinical people) believe about the attitudes toward Black people held by individuals with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. In general, results suggested a general awareness in lay persons that people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, as compared to people with no history of mental disorders, hold reduced negative attitudes toward Black individuals. Overall, these results may help to enrich our knowledge about social cognition among members of stigmatized groups in general and, more specifically, among individuals with a diagnosis of schizophrenia.

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