scholarly journals The revised Temperament and Character Inventory: normative data by sex and age from a Spanish normal randomized sample

PeerJ ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. e1481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfonso Gutierrez-Zotes ◽  
Javier Labad ◽  
Lourdes Martorell ◽  
Ana Gaviria ◽  
Carmen Bayón ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Based ◽  
Harm Avoidance ◽  
Short Version ◽  
Novelty Seeking ◽  
Temperament And Character Inventory ◽  
Reward Dependence ◽  
Character Inventory ◽  
Young Subjects ◽  
Self Transcendence ◽  
Univariate Analyses

Objectives.The psychometric properties regarding sex and age for the revised version of the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI-R) and its derived short version, the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI-140), were evaluated with a randomized sample from the community.Methods.A randomized sample of 367 normal adult subjects from a Spanish municipality, who were representative of the general population based on sex and age, participated in the current study. Descriptive statistics and internal consistency according toαcoefficient were obtained for all of the dimensions and facets.T-tests and univariate analyses of variance, followed by Bonferroni tests, were conducted to compare the distributions of the TCI-R dimension scores by age and sex.Results.On both the TCI-R and TCI-140, women had higher scores for Harm Avoidance, Reward Dependence and Cooperativeness than men, whereas men had higher scores for Persistence. Age correlated negatively with Novelty Seeking, Reward Dependence and Cooperativeness and positively with Harm Avoidance and Self-transcendence. Young subjects between 18 and 35 years had higher scores than older subjects in NS and RD. Subjects between 51 and 77 years scored higher in both HA and ST. The alphas for the dimensions were between 0.74 and 0.87 for the TCI-R and between 0.63 and 0.83 for the TCI-140.Conclusion.Results, which were obtained with a randomized sample, suggest that there are specific distributions of personality traits by sex and age. Overall, both the TCI-R and the abbreviated TCI-140 were reliable in the ‘good-to-excellent’ range. A strength of the current study is the representativeness of the sample.

Relationship between two dimensional models of personality

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (S2) ◽  
pp. S120-S121 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Calvet ◽  
M. Bricaud ◽  
H. Merveille ◽  
J. Dur ◽  
J.P. Clément
Keyword(s):  
Factor Model ◽  
Five Factor Model ◽  
Harm Avoidance ◽  
Novelty Seeking ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Temperament And Character Inventory ◽  
Five Factors ◽  
Reward Dependence ◽  
Character Inventory ◽  
Self Transcendence

Relationships between the seven dimensions of the Cloninger's psychobiological model (1993) and the five factors of the Costa and McCrae's model (1990) were examined in this study of 200 subjects from French general population. The dimensions of temperament (novelty seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence) and character (self-directedness, cooperativeness, self-transcendence) from the Cloninger's model were measured by the Temperament and Character Inventory-125 items (TCI-125) and the Five-Factor Model (FFM) (neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness) was evaluated using the NEOPersonality Inventory-Revised (NEO-PI-R). Correlation and multiple regression analyses have highlighted that all the temperamental and character dimensions predict all Neo-PI-R domains and vice versa. There are particularly close relationships between harm avoidance, self-directedness, neuroticism and extraversion; between novelty seeking and extraversion, openness, conscientiousness; between reward dependence, cooperativeness, extraversion, openness and agreeableness; between persistence and conscientiousness; and finally between self-transcendence and agreeableness. As a result, due to their relationship with temperamental dimensions of psychobiological model, the FFM domains could be related to brain monoaminergic activities.

Temperament and character inventory (TCI) personality profile in metamphetamine abusers: a controlled study

2004 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 193-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ladislav Hosák ◽  
Marek Preiss ◽  
Martin Halíř ◽  
Eva Čermáková ◽  
Ladislav Csémy
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Harm Avoidance ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Personality Questionnaire ◽  
Novelty Seeking ◽  
Personality Profile ◽  
Temperament And Character Inventory ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Character Inventory ◽  
Self Transcendence

AbstractWe applied the temperament and character inventory (TCI) personality questionnaire in 41 inpatients dependent on metamphetamine, and 35 controls. Novelty seeking, harm avoidance and self-transcendence were significantly higher, and persistence, self-directedness and cooperativeness were significantly lower in the patients than in the healthy volunteers. The detected differences may be important for prevention and treatment.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Personality and Depression in Expectant Parents

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elda Andriola ◽  
Michela Di Trani ◽  
Annarita Grimaldi ◽  
Renato Donfrancesco
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Strong Predictor ◽  
Harm Avoidance ◽  
Temperament And Character Inventory ◽  
Reward Dependence ◽  
Character Inventory ◽  
Expectant Fathers ◽  
Expectant Mothers ◽  
Self Transcendence ◽  
The Relationship

Several studies assessed the relationship between depression and dimensions of temperament/character using the Cloninger's model of personality and the TCI-R. The aim of this study is clarify the relation between depression and personality in men and women who are expecting a baby. The Temperament and Character Inventory—Revised Form and the Beck Depression Inventory were administered to 65 pregnant women and 37 husbands during the last quarter of pregnancy. ANOVAs showed that pregnant women had higher levels of depression, reward dependence, and self-transcendence than the expectant fathers. Hierarchical Multiple Regression Analysis in the pregnant women group showed that harm avoidance and self-directedness were significant predictors of the level of depression. In the expectant fathers, only self-directedness was a significant predictor of depression. Low TCI-R self-directedness is a strong predictor of depression in expectant parents during pregnancy regardless of gender, and high TCI-R harm avoidance is an additional predictor of depression in expectant mothers.

scholarly journals Association between neurological soft signs, temperament and character in patients with schizophrenia and non-psychotic relatives

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e1651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liliana Galindo ◽  
Francisco Pastoriza ◽  
Daniel Bergé ◽  
Anna Mané ◽  
Marisol Picado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Biological Marker ◽  
Harm Avoidance ◽  
Novelty Seeking ◽  
Temperament And Character Inventory ◽  
Neurological Soft Signs ◽  
Character Inventory ◽  
High Risk Populations ◽  
Self Transcendence

The heritability of schizophrenia and most personality traits has been well established, but the role of personality in susceptibility to schizophrenia remains uncertain. The aim of this study was to test for an association between personality traits and Neurological Soft Signs (NSS), a well-known biological marker of schizophrenia, in non-psychotic relatives of patients with schizophrenia. For this purpose, we evaluated the NSS scale and personality measured by the Temperament and Character inventory (TCI-R) in three groups of subjects: 29 patients with schizophrenia, 24 unaffected relatives and 37 controls. The results showed that patients with schizophrenia were more asocial (higher harm avoidance and lower reward dependence), more perseverative (higher persistence), and more schizotypal (lower self-directedness and cooperativeness, higher self-transcendence). The unaffected relatives showed higher harm avoidance, lower self-directedness and cooperativeness than the healthy controls. Higher NSS scores and sub-scores were found in patients and non-psychotic relatives compared with the controls. Among all the patients, total NSS scores were positively correlated with harm avoidance but negatively correlated with novelty seeking and persistence. Total NSS were also correlated with low scores on self-directedness and cooperativeness, which are indicators of personality disorder. Our results show that susceptibility to NSS and to schizophrenia are both related to individual differences in the temperament and character features in non-psychotic relatives of patients with schizophrenia. High harm avoidance, low persistence, low self-directedness and low cooperativeness contribute to both the risk of NSS and schizophrenia. These findings highlight the value of using both assessments to study high risk populations.

scholarly journals The development of temperament and character during adolescence: The processes and phases of change

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (02) ◽  
pp. 601-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ada H. Zohar ◽  
Igor Zwir ◽  
Jiayu Wang ◽  
C. Robert Cloninger ◽  
Andrey P. Anokhin
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Personality Development ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Novelty Seeking ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Temperament And Character Inventory ◽  
Biphasic Pattern ◽  
Character Inventory ◽  
Self Transcendence

AbstractWe studied the pattern of personality development in a longitudinal population-based sample of 752 American adolescents. Personality was assessed reliably with the Junior Temperament and Character Inventory at 12, 14, and 16 years of age. The rank-order stability of Junior Temperament and Character Inventory traits from age 12 to 16 was moderate (r = .35). Hierarchical linear modeling of between-group variance due to gender and within-group variance due to age indicated that harm avoidance and persistence decreased whereas self-directedness and cooperativeness increased from age 12 to 16. Novelty seeking, reward dependence, and self-transcendence increased from age 12 to 14 and then decreased. This biphasic pattern suggests that prior to age 14 teens became more emancipated from adult authorities while identifying more with the emergent norms of their peers, and after age 14 their created identity was internalized. Girls were more self-directed and cooperative than boys and maintained this advantage from age 12 to 16. Dependability of temperament at age 16 was mainly predicted by the same traits at earlier ages. In contrast, maturity of character at age 16 was predicted by both temperament and character at earlier ages. We conclude that character develops rapidly in adolescence to self-regulate temperament in accord with personally valued goals shaped by peers.

Adult temperament and childbearing over the life course

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Jokela ◽  
Taina Hintsa ◽  
Mirka Hintsanen ◽  
Liisa Keltikangas‐Järvinen
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Harm Avoidance ◽  
Novelty Seeking ◽  
High Reward ◽  
Reward Dependence ◽  
Character Inventory ◽  
Temperament Traits ◽  
Quadratic Effects ◽  
The Life Course

Emerging evidence suggests that temperament may predict childbearing. We examined the association between four temperament traits (novelty seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence and persistence of the Temperament and Character Inventory) and childbearing over the life course in the population‐based Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns study (n = 1535; 985 women, 550 men). Temperament was assessed when the participants were aged 20–35 and fertility history from adolescence to adulthood was reported by the participants at age 30–45. Discrete‐time survival analysis modelling indicated that high childbearing probability was predicted by low novelty seeking (standardized OR = 0.92; 95% confidence interval 0.88–0.97), low harm avoidance (OR = 0.90; 0.85–0.95), high reward dependence (OR = 1.09; 1.03–1.15) and low persistence (OR = 0.91; 0.87–0.96) with no sex differences or quadratic effects. These associations grew stronger with increase in numbers of children. The findings were substantially the same in a completely prospective analysis. Adjusting for education did not influence the associations. Despite its negative association with overall childbearing, high novelty seeking increased the probability of having children in participants who were not living with a partner (OR = 1.29; 1.12–1.49). These data provide novel evidence for the role of temperament in influencing childbearing, and suggest possible weak natural selection of temperament traits in contemporary humans. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Relations between Cloninger's Dimensions of Temperament and Steepness of Delay and Effort Discounting of Monetary Rewards

2013 ◽  
Vol 112 (3) ◽  
pp. 694-705 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Malesza ◽  
Paweł Ostaszewski
Keyword(s):  
Harm Avoidance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Novelty Seeking ◽  
Temperament And Character Inventory ◽  
Monetary Rewards ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
Effort Discounting ◽  
Reward Dependence ◽  
Character Inventory ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between Cloninger's personality dimensions of temperament (Harm Avoidance, Novelty Seeking, Reward Dependence, and Persistence) and the steepness of delay and effort discounting, which refers to a decrease in the subjective value of a reward as its delay, or effort required to obtain the reward, increases. Participants ( N = 112; ages 19 to 29 years, M = 21.80, SD = 1.35) filled out two inventories: the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and the Discounting Questionnaire. The study revealed that the higher the Harm Avoidance and Reward Dependency, the steeper the effort discounting. On the other hand, the higher one's Persistence, the shallower one's effort discounting. Finally, a positive correlation was observed between delay and effort discounting. The results indicated that effort discounting was related to, but not equivalent to, delay discounting.

scholarly journals Maturity and change in personality: Developmental trends of temperament and character in adulthood

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 713-727 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim Josefsson ◽  
Markus Jokela ◽  
C. Robert Cloninger ◽  
Mirka Hintsanen ◽  
Johanna Salo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Personality Change ◽  
Novelty Seeking ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Temperament And Character Inventory ◽  
Developmental Patterns ◽  
Developmental Trends ◽  
Character Inventory ◽  
Self Transcendence

AbstractWe studied the developmental trends of temperament and character in a longitudinal population-based sample of Finnish men and women aged 20–45 years using the Temperament and Character Inventory model of personality. Personality was assessed in 1997, 2001, and 2007 (n= 2,104, 2,095, and 2,056, respectively). Mean-level changes demonstrated qualitatively distinct developmental patterns for character (self-directedness, cooperativeness, and self-transcendence) and temperament (novelty seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence, and persistence). Character developed toward greater maturity, although self-transcendence decreased with age. However, self-transcendence was the strongest predictor of overall personality change. Cohort effects indicated lower level of self-transcendence and higher level of self-directedness and cooperativeness in younger birth cohorts. Regarding temperament, novelty seeking decreased and persistence increased slightly with age. Both high novelty seeking and high persistence predicted overall personality change. These findings suggest that temperament and character traits follow different kinds of developmental trajectories.

scholarly journals Association between neurological soft signs, temperament and character in patients with schizophrenia and non-psychotic relatives

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liliana Galindo ◽  
Francisco Pastoriza ◽  
Daniel Bergé ◽  
Anna Mané ◽  
Marisol Picado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Biological Marker ◽  
Harm Avoidance ◽  
Novelty Seeking ◽  
Temperament And Character Inventory ◽  
Neurological Soft Signs ◽  
Character Inventory ◽  
High Risk Populations ◽  
Self Transcendence

The heritability of schizophrenia and most personality traits has been well established, but the role of personality in susceptibility to schizophrenia remains uncertain. The aim of this study was to test for an association between personality traits and Neurological Soft Signs (NSS), a well-known biological marker of schizophrenia, in non-psychotic relatives of patients with schizophrenia. For this purpose, we evaluated the NSS scale and personality measured by the Temperament and Character inventory (TCI-R) in three groups of subjects: 29 patients with schizophrenia, 24 unaffected relatives and 37 controls. The results showed that patients with schizophrenia were more asocial (higher harm avoidance and lower reward dependence), more perseverative (higher persistence), and more schizotypal (lower self-directedness and cooperativeness, higher self-transcendence). The unaffected relatives showed higher harm avoidance, lower self-directedness and cooperativeness than the healthy controls. Higher NSS scores and sub-scores were found in patients and non-psychotic relatives compared with the controls. Among all the patients, total NSS scores were positively correlated with harm avoidance but negatively correlated with novelty seeking and persistence. Total NSS were also correlated with low scores on self-directedness and cooperativeness, which are indicators of personality disorder. Our results show that susceptibility to NSS and to schizophrenia are both related to individual differences in the temperament and character features in non-psychotic relatives of patients with schizophrenia. High harm avoidance, low persistence, low self-directedness and low cooperativeness contribute to both the risk of NSS and schizophrenia. These findings highlight the value of using both assessments to study high risk populations.

The Swedish Version of the Parent-Rated Junior Temperament and Character Inventory (J–TCI)

2010 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 715-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nóra Kerekes ◽  
Sven Brändström ◽  
Ola Ståhlberg ◽  
Tomas Larson ◽  
Eva Carlström ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Consistency ◽  
Harm Avoidance ◽  
Novelty Seeking ◽  
Psychometric Characteristics ◽  
Temperament And Character Inventory ◽  
Swedish Version ◽  
Reward Dependence ◽  
Character Inventory ◽  
Male Twin ◽  
Parent Version

To evaluate the psychometric characteristics of the Swedish version of the Junior Temperament and Character Inventory (J–TCI), it was sent to parents of 9- and 12-yr.-old twins in Sweden. The final number of responders was 196 parents who rated 92 female and 104 male twin pairs. The inventory of one twin, randomly chosen from each pair, was included in the analyses. Reward Dependence, Persistence, and Cooperativeness were scored higher in girls; Novelty Seeking was higher in the 9-yr.-olds and Persistence in the 12-yr.-olds. Pearson's correlations showed that some dimensions were not statistically independent from each other, even if the covariance was moderate. Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) was satisfactory for Harm Avoidance, Novelty Seeking, Self-Directedness, and Cooperativeness (.68–.81), while it was lower in those dimensions that had fewer items. The Swedish parent version of the J–TCI shared about the same psychometric characteristics as found in international samples.

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