scholarly journals Evolution of morphological and climatic adaptations inVeronica L.(Plantaginaceae)

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e2333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian-Cheng Wang ◽  
Bo-Rong Pan ◽  
Dirk C. Albach
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Substitution Rate ◽  
Parallel Evolution ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Annual Species ◽  
Selective Pressures ◽  
History Of ◽  
Phylogenetic Perspective ◽  
Drought Resistant ◽  
Annual Life History

Perennials and annuals apply different strategies to adapt to the adverse environment, based on ‘tolerance’ and ‘avoidance’, respectively. To understand lifespan evolution and its impact on plant adaptability, we carried out a comparative study of perennials and annuals in the genusVeronicafrom a phylogenetic perspective. The results showed that ancestors of the genusVeronicawere likely to be perennial plants. Annual life history ofVeronicahas evolved multiple times and subtrees with more annual species have a higher substitution rate. Annuals can adapt to more xeric habitats than perennials. This indicates that annuals are more drought-resistant than their perennial relatives. Due to adaptation to similar selective pressures, parallel evolution occurs in morphological characters among annual species ofVeronica.

Serotiny and life history of Pinus contorta var. latifolia

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 938-945 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia S. Muir ◽  
James E. Lotan
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Reproductive Effort ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Western Montana ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Selective Pressures ◽  
Area Growth ◽  
History Of

Mature serotinous and nonserotinous trees of Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm. in the Bitterroot Watershed of western Montana do not differ in most life-history characteristics (reproductive or vegetative). No differences between trees of the two cone types were found in height, basal area, basal area growth rates over the lives of the trees, or crown ratio. Cone number, weights of individual cones and seeds, and estimates of reproductive effort were similar in serotinous and non-serotinous trees. Reproductive characteristics were either independent of tree age, or related similarly in trees of the two cone types. Nonserotinous trees may, however, have more seeds per cone than serotinous trees. This difference in seed numbers may be adaptive if serotinous trees invest relatively heavily in cone materials to protect seeds (which are retained in cones for many years), while nonserotinous trees (which shed seeds each year) invest relatively heavily in seeds. Trees of the two cone types differ mainly in the particular types of disturbance favoring their regeneration, but they often grow in the same stands where there are similar selective pressures on most aspects of their biology. Gene flow between them probably homogenizes all but those differences maintained by strong selective pressures.

Seasonal cycle of the nest composition in the Ponerine ant Cryptopone sauteri (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Sociobiology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 393
Author(s):  
Yuki Yamaguchi ◽  
Hiromi Yazawa ◽  
Satoru Iwanishi ◽  
Kazuyuki Kudô
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Seasonal Cycle ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
Ecological Studies ◽  
Brood Development ◽  
Ponerine Ant ◽  
History Of ◽  
Annual Life History

The annual life history is a basic and important factor in ecological studies on temperate ant species. The biology of Ponerinae species has been studied for many species, but little attention has been paid to their life history. Cryptopone sauteri is one of the most common ants in temperate regions of Japan. However, there is no quantitative information on the life history of this species. We report seasonal changes in brood development, the emergence of reproductives and social structures of C. sauteri. Additionally, we discuss that this species possibly exhibits a polydomous nesting system.

STUDIES ON CESTODES OF THE GENUS TRIAENOPHORUS FROM FISH OF LESSER SLAVE LAKE, ALBERTA: V. DESCRIPTION AND LIFE HISTORY OF TRIAENOPHORUS STIZOSTEDIONIS N.SP.

1945 ◽  
Vol 23d (5) ◽  
pp. 117-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard B. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Male Genitalia ◽  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Parietal Peritoneum ◽  
Stizostedion Vitreum ◽  
Pike Perch ◽  
History Of

Triaenophorus stizostedionis is a pseudophyllidean cestode that occurs as an adult in the intestine of the pike-perch, Stizostedion vitreum. It differs from T. crassus and T. nodulosus in several morphological characters but particularly in the shape of the scolex hooks and the size and disposition of the male genitalia. Sexual maturity is attained in the spring; spawning and death take place during the first two weeks of June. The eggs average 56 μ long by 40 μ wide. The coracidia average 73 by 71 μ. The procercoid develops in the copepod, Cyclops bicuspidatus, in from 10 days to two weeks. When fully grown it reaches 220 μ. The plerocercoids occur encysted on the visceral and parietal peritoneum of the trout-perch, Percopsis omiscomaycus. The life history is completed when an infested trout-perch is swallowed by a pike-perch.

scholarly journals Larval morphology and life history of Eutrichosoma mirabile Ashmead and description of a new species of Eutrichosoma (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea)

2020 ◽  
Vol 75 ◽  
pp. 67-85
Author(s):  
Austin J. Baker ◽  
John M. Heraty
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
New Species ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Larval Morphology ◽  
Phylogenetic Placement ◽  
History Of ◽  
A New Species

The larval morphology and life history of the weevil parasitoid Eutrichosoma mirabile Ashmead (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Pteromalidae) are described, and the phylogenetic placement of the subfamily Eutrichosomatinae within Chalcidoidea is determined using larval morphological characters. A description of Eutrichosoma burskisp. nov. and key to the species of Eutrichosoma are provided.

Xenacoelomorpha Nervous Systems

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Martínez ◽  
Volker Hartenstein ◽  
Simon G. Sprecher
Keyword(s):  
Gene Networks ◽  
Parallel Evolution ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Nervous Systems ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Unique System ◽  
Changing Roles ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many

The emergence and diversification of bilateral animals are among the most important transitions in the history of life on our planet. A proper understanding of the evolutionary process will derive from answering such key questions as, how did complex body plans arise in evolutionary time, and how are complex body plans “encoded” in the genome? the first step is focusing on the earliest stages in bilaterian evolution, probing the most elusive organization of the genomes and microscopic anatomy in basally branching taxa, which are currently assembled in a clade named Xenacoelomorpha. This enigmatic phylum is composed of three major taxa: acoel flatworms, nemertodermatids, and xenoturbellids. Interestingly, the constituent species of this clade have an enormously varied set of morphologies; not just the obvious external features but also their tissues present a high degree of constructional variation. This interesting diversity of morphologies (a clear example being the nervous system, with animals showing different degrees of compaction) provides a unique system in which to address outstanding questions regarding the parallel evolution of genomes and the many morphological characters encoded by them. A systematic exploration of the anatomy of members of these three taxa, employing immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and high-throughput transmission electron microscopy, will provide the reference framework necessary to understand the changing roles of genes and gene networks during the evolution of xenacoelomorph morphologies and, in particular, of their nervous systems.

Life in the Slow Lane: Ecology and Conservation of Long-Lived Marine Animals

1999 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Fishing Effort ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Shark Species ◽  
Fishing Pressure ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
Selective Pressures ◽  
Stock Assessments ◽  
History Of

<em> Abstract.</em>—Sharks have the reputation of being particularly vulnerable to fishing pressure, a fact attributed to their generally ‘<EM> K</EM>-selected’ life history strategies. The history of shark fisheries is not encouraging, and their poor record of sustainability is compounded by the fact that few countries have any form of management for these resources. The Australian Southern Shark Fishery provides an example of a well-studied shark fishery with a long history of exploitation that has been under a management plan for some ten years. This fishery is unique in that it exploits, under a similar fishing regime, two similar target shark species that show very different responses to fishing pressure. Stock assessments suggest that under current fishing effort the catch of one species is sustainable while the other species is overexploited. The vulnerability of the two species to the fishing gear is similar but their biological productivity is very different. The selective pressures that may have given rise to these different life history strategies are discussed.

Revision of the Madagascan genera Oncodopus Brongniart and Colossopus Saussure (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Conocephalinae; Euconchophorini), with description of Malagasopus gen. nov.

Zootaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4341 (2) ◽  
pp. 193 ◽  
Author(s):  
MUSTAFA ÜNAL ◽  
GEORGE W. BECCALONI
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
New Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Habitat Preferences ◽  
Mate Guarding ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Museum Specimens ◽  
History Of

The endemic Madagascan genera Oncodopus Brongniart and Colossopus Saussure are revised using museum specimens, including the types, and recently collected material. A new genus, Malagasopus gen. nov., and seven new species, Malagasopus desutterae sp. nov., Malagasopus meridianus sp. nov., Oncodopus janetae sp. nov., Oncodopus brongniarti sp. nov., Oncodopus saussurei sp. nov., Oncodopus soalalaensis sp. nov. and Colossopus parvicavus sp. nov. are described. Lectotypes are designated for Oncodopus zonatus Brongniart, 1897 and Colossopus redtenbacheri (Brongniart, 1897). A new term, mesothoracic auricle, is proposed for a structure on the episternum of the mesothorax. A tabulated key to the genera and keys to the species are presented. All species are described and diagnosed, and their phylogenetic relationships, geographical distributions, habitat preferences and phenologies are documented. The life history of Colossopus grandidieri is described, and the unusual possible mate-guarding behaviour of several species is discussed. Maps showing the distribution of the species are presented, as too are 57 photographs of museum specimens, 51 drawings of morphological characters, 17 photographs of living specimens and one habitat photograph. 

Evolutionary history of the arid climate‐adapted Helichrysum (Asteraceae: Gnaphalieae): Cape origin and association between annual life‐history and low chromosome numbers

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 468-487
Author(s):  
Santiago Andrés‐Sánchez ◽  
G. Anthony Verboom ◽  
Mercè Galbany‐Casals ◽  
Nicola G. Bergh
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Chromosome Numbers ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Arid Climate ◽  
History Of ◽  
Annual Life History

Description of the tadpoles of Boophis doulioti and B. xerophilus from Western Madagascar with notes on larval life history and breeding ecology

2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 459-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Eduard Linsenmair ◽  
Julian Glos
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Species Number ◽  
Breeding Ecology ◽  
Larval Life ◽  
Ephemeral Ponds ◽  
Body Coloration ◽  
History Of ◽  
Larval Life History

AbstractThe genus Boophis is very diverse in species number and ecology within the endemic Malagasy family Mantellidae. Two species, Boophis doulioti and B. xerophilus, stand out as they are breeding in stagnant waters in the dry west and south of Madagascar, while the large majority are specialized to breeding in brooks of the rainforests in the east. In this paper the morphology, larval life history, ecology of the sympatric tadpoles and some aspects of the breeding ecology of B. doulioti and B. xerophilus are described. Tadpoles of the two species differ in many morphological characters and proportions, with differing positions of the eyes and body coloration being the most prominent. There is a considerable temporal and spatial overlap in the choice of breeding ponds by both species in the study area. However, B. xerophilus tadpoles are restricted to larger and more permanent breeding ponds while the generalistic B. doulioti uses also smaller and more ephemeral water bodies. Variability in larval life history traits of B. doulioti individuals growing up in ephemeral ponds compared to those from more permanent ponds indicates considerable developmental plasticity in tadpole life history of this species.

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