Understanding Trends in Alternative Work Arrangements in the United States

To monitor trends in alternative work arrangements, the authors conducted a version of the Contingent Worker Survey as part of the RAND American Life Panel in late 2015. Their findings point to a rise in the incidence of alternative work arrangements in the US economy from 1995 to 2015. The percentage of workers engaged in alternative work arrangements—defined as temporary help agency workers, on-call workers, contract workers, and independent contractors or freelancers—rose from 10.7% in February 2005 to possibly as high as 15.8% in late 2015. Workers who provide services through online intermediaries, such as Uber or TaskRabbit, accounted for 0.5% of all workers in 2015. Of the workers selling goods or services directly to customers, approximately twice as many reported finding customers through off-line intermediaries than through online intermediaries.

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Use of employees and alternative work arrangements in the United States: a law, economics, and organizations perspective

Labour Economics ◽

10.1016/j.labeco.2004.05.003 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 107-141 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

John Garen

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

The United States ◽

Alternative Work Arrangements ◽

Work Arrangements ◽

Alternative Work

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Understanding Trends in Alternative Work Arrangements in the United States

10.3386/w25425 ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Lawrence Katz ◽

Alan Krueger

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

The United States ◽

Alternative Work Arrangements ◽

Work Arrangements ◽

Alternative Work

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The Rise and Nature of Alternative Work Arrangements in the United States, 1995-2015

10.3386/w22667 ◽

2016 ◽

Cited By ~ 155

Author(s):

Lawrence Katz ◽

Alan Krueger

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

The United States ◽

Alternative Work Arrangements ◽

Work Arrangements ◽

Alternative Work

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Alternative Work Arrangements

Management ◽

10.1093/obo/9780199846740-0155 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Lindsey D. Cameron ◽

Lyndon Garrett ◽

Gretchen Spreitzer

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Social Economic ◽

Organizational Psychology ◽

The United States ◽

Alternative Work Arrangements ◽

Employment Contract ◽

Work Arrangements ◽

The Social ◽

Alternative Work

The literature on alternative work arrangements is broad, spanning multiple disciplines, including economics, sociology, information sciences, management, and organizational psychology. Alternative work arrangements are loosely defined as jobs that occur outside of a traditional employment context with the expectation of a long-term employment contract. Given the breadth of the topic this review limits its scope to alternative work arrangements in the United States, unless otherwise noted. Taken together, the literature broadly explores the social, economic, and legal trends influencing the growth of alternative workplace arrangements and the different configurations within the workplace.

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Alternative Work Arrangements

Annual Review of Economics ◽

10.1146/annurev-economics-022020-032512 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 631-658 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Alexandre Mas ◽

Amanda Pallais

Keyword(s):

Working Hours ◽

Work Conditions ◽

The United States ◽

Alternative Work Arrangements ◽

Work Arrangements ◽

The Past ◽

Family Friendly ◽

Home Work ◽

Alternative Work ◽

The Impact

Alternative work arrangements, defined both by working conditions and by workers’ relationship to their employers, are heterogeneous and common in the United States. This article reviews the literature on workers’ preferences over these arrangements, inputs to firms’ decisions to offer them, and the impact of regulation. It also highlights several descriptive facts: The typical worker is in a job where almost none of the tasks can be performed from home, work arrangements have been relatively stable over the past 20 years, work conditions vary substantially with education, and jobs with schedule or location flexibility are less family friendly on average. This last fact explains why women are not more likely to have schedule or location flexibility and seem to largely reduce their working hours to get more family-friendly arrangements.

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An Examination of Alternative Work Arrangements in Private Accounting Practice

Accounting Horizons ◽

10.2308/acch.2003.17.2.139 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 139-151 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Kimberly E. Frank ◽

D. Jordan Lowe

Keyword(s):

Work Culture ◽

Alternative Work Arrangements ◽

Personal Lives ◽

Job Commitment ◽

Work Arrangements ◽

Accounting Practice ◽

Management Accountants ◽

Current Task ◽

Integrate Work ◽

Alternative Work

Employees are requesting more flexibility in their work schedules to be able to integrate work with other aspects of their family and personal lives. While alternative work arrangements are being offered at progressively more companies, it is unclear whether the work culture accepts these arrangements as a viable work alternative. Here we examine the extent to which flextime and telecommuting arrangements impact management accountants' performance evaluations, job commitment, and career progression as compared to working a traditional schedule. We also examine whether these arrangements are perceived as being less acceptable for men than for women. One-hundred sixty management accountants from 90 companies participated in our experiment. The results indicate that participation in alternative work arrangements did not impact perceptions of current task performance or job commitment. However, participation led to significantly lower perceptions of long-term career potential.

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The Politics of Women and Work in the Soviet Union and the United States: Alternative Work Schedules and Sex Discrimination.

Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews ◽

10.2307/2069105 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 488

Author(s):

Alice H. Cook ◽

Joel C. Moses

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Soviet Union ◽

Sex Discrimination ◽

The United States ◽

Work Schedules ◽

Women And Work ◽

The Soviet Union ◽

Alternative Work

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An Analysis of Organizational Support for Alternative Work Arrangements in Public Accounting Firms

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.3916570 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Derek W. Dalton ◽

Jace Garrett ◽

Nancy Harp ◽

Gregory P. McPhee

Keyword(s):

Organizational Support ◽

Alternative Work Arrangements ◽

Public Accounting ◽

Accounting Firms ◽

Work Arrangements ◽

Public Accounting Firms ◽

Alternative Work

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Distrust And Dominance In Managing Alternative Work Arrangements: A Micro-Analytic Test Of Transaction Cost Theory

Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) ◽

10.19030/jabr.v22i3.1422 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Terry R. Adler ◽

Gabriel D. Isaacs ◽

Robert L. Steiner

Keyword(s):

Competitive Advantage ◽

Transaction Cost ◽

Value Creation ◽

Transaction Cost Theory ◽

Sustainable Competitive Advantage ◽

Font Size ◽

Alternative Work Arrangements ◽

Work Arrangements ◽

Alternative Work ◽

The Relationship

Organizations that successfully outsource may see better value-creation in creating a sustainable competitive advantage.  The objectives of this study were threefold:  a) provide a framework for studying the effects of perceived distrust that leads to dominance, b) analyze how opportunism parlays into the concept of dominance, and c) determine if the relationship between outsource partners varies by analyzing transaction characteristics.  Our research shows that firms should take caution to fully understand the effects that contract size has on a firm’s resources.

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