scholarly journals Discrepancy between Measured Serum Total Carbon Dioxide Content and Bicarbonate Concentration Calculated from Arterial Blood Gases

Cureus ◽  
2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youngho Kim ◽  
Larry Massie ◽  
Glen H Murata ◽  
Antonios H Tzamaloukas
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Content ◽  
Arterial Blood Gases ◽  
Bicarbonate Concentration ◽  
Arterial Blood

scholarly journals Pathophysiology and clinical consequences of arterial blood gases and pH after cardiac arrest

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Robba ◽  
Dorota Siwicka-Gieroba ◽  
Andras Sikter ◽  
Denise Battaglini ◽  
Wojciech Dąbrowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Mechanical Ventilation ◽  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Arterial Blood Gases ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Clinical Consequences

AbstractPost cardiac arrest syndrome is associated with high morbidity and mortality, which is related not only to a poor neurological outcome but also to respiratory and cardiovascular dysfunctions. The control of gas exchange, and in particular oxygenation and carbon dioxide levels, is fundamental in mechanically ventilated patients after resuscitation, as arterial blood gases derangement might have important effects on the cerebral blood flow and systemic physiology.In particular, the pathophysiological role of carbon dioxide (CO2) levels is strongly underestimated, as its alterations quickly affect also the changes of intracellular pH, and consequently influence metabolic energy and oxygen demand. Hypo/hypercapnia, as well as mechanical ventilation during and after resuscitation, can affect CO2 levels and trigger a dangerous pathophysiological vicious circle related to the relationship between pH, cellular demand, and catecholamine levels. The developing hypocapnia can nullify the beneficial effects of the hypothermia. The aim of this review was to describe the pathophysiology and clinical consequences of arterial blood gases and pH after cardiac arrest.According to our findings, the optimal ventilator strategies in post cardiac arrest patients are not fully understood, and oxygen and carbon dioxide targets should take in consideration a complex pattern of pathophysiological factors. Further studies are warranted to define the optimal settings of mechanical ventilation in patients after cardiac arrest.

Lack of Degradation of Sevoflurane by a New Carbon Dioxide Absorbent in Humans

2001 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 1007-1009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Mchaourab ◽  
Shahbaz R. Arain ◽  
Thomas J. Ebert
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Soda Lime ◽  
Barium Hydroxide ◽  
Arterial Blood Gases ◽  
Compound A ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Co2 Absorbent ◽  
End Tidal

Background Potent inhaled anesthetics degrade in the presence of the strong bases (sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide) in carbon dioxide (CO2) absorbents. A new absorbent, Amsorb (Armstrong Medical Ltd., Coleraine, Northern Ireland), does not employ these strong bases. This study compared the scavenging efficacy and compound A production of two commercially available absorbents (soda lime and barium hydroxide lime) with Amsorb in humans undergoing general anesthesia. Methods Four healthy volunteers were anesthetized on different days with desflurane, sevoflurane, enflurane, and isoflurane. End-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) and anesthetic concentrations were measured with infrared spectroscopy; blood pressure and arterial blood gases were obtained from a radial artery catheter. Each anesthetic exposure lasted 3 h, during which the three fresh (normally hydrated) CO2 absorbents were used for a period of 1 h each. Anesthesia was administered with a fresh gas flow rate of 2 l/min of air:oxygen (50:50). Tidal volume was 10 ml/kg; respiratory rate was 8 breaths/min. Arterial blood gases were obtained at baseline and after each hour. Inspired concentrations of compound A were measured after 15, 30, and 60 min of anesthetic administration for each CO2 absorbent. Results Arterial blood gases and ETCO2 were not different among three CO2 absorbents. During sevoflurane, compound A formed with barium hydroxide lime and soda lime, but not with Amsorb. Conclusions This new CO2 absorbent effectively scavenged CO2 and was not associated with compound A production.

Pulmonary arterial shunting in man during forward acceleration

1961 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 1081-1086 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheldon H. Steiner ◽  
Gustave C. E. Mueller
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Content ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Acceleration Period ◽  
Peripheral Areas ◽  
The Individual

The arterial blood gases were determined during forward acceleration 90∘ to the acceleration vector at 6 g and 8 g breathing room air and at 8 g breathing 100% oxygen. Arterial saturation fell to 84% at 6 gand 75% at 8 g. Prebreathing O2 for 15 min prior to acceleration with continued inhalation during the acceleration plateau only partially corrected the undersaturation to 86% at 8 g. Recovery was not complete in 3 min unless O g therapy was used. Whole blood carbon dioxide content was depressed at 6 g and 8 g on room air, but this was corrected by O g inhalation. However, during the recovery period while breathing oxygen the carbon dioxide content was depressed. pH was reduced and pCO g elevated slightly during each acceleration period. Since cardiac output and alveolar ventilation have been reported to be essentially unaltered during forward acceleration at these magnitudes, the observed effects must represent substantial alterations in the individual ventilation to blood flow ratios throughout the lung, with approximately 50% of the cardiac output shunted through totally nonventilated areas at 8 g. There also must be some inadequately perfused or nonperfused peripheral areas, as evidenced by the fall in CO g content and pH and the accumulation of a substantial O g debt previously reported during acceleration. Note: With the Technical Assistance of Alice M. Caton and Justin L. Taylor, Jr. Submitted on June 12, 1961

scholarly journals The effects of graded changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide tension on coronary blood velocity independent of myocardial energy demand

2016 ◽  
Vol 311 (2) ◽  
pp. H326-H336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsey M. Boulet ◽  
Mike Stembridge ◽  
Michael M. Tymko ◽  
Joshua C. Tremblay ◽  
Glen E. Foster
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Cardiovascular Response ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Blood Velocity ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Arterial Blood Gases ◽  
Transthoracic Doppler Echocardiography ◽  
Arterial Blood

In humans, coronary blood flow is tightly regulated by microvessels within the myocardium to match myocardial energy demand. However, evidence regarding inherent sensitivity of the microvessels to changes in arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide and oxygen is conflicting because of the accompanied changes in myocardial energy requirements. This study aimed to investigate the changes in coronary blood velocity while manipulating partial pressures of end-tidal CO2 (Petco2) and O2 (Peto2). It was hypothesized that an increase in Petco2 (hypercapnia) or decrease in Peto2 (hypoxia) would result in a significant increase in mean blood velocity in the left anterior descending artery (LADVmean) due to an increase in both blood gases and energy demand associated with the concomitant cardiovascular response. Cardiac energy demand was assessed through noninvasive measurement of the total left ventricular mechanical energy. Healthy subjects ( n = 13) underwent a euoxic CO2 test (Petco2 = −8, −4, 0, +4, and +8 mmHg from baseline) and an isocapnic hypoxia test (Peto2 = 64, 52, and 45 mmHg). LADVmean was assessed using transthoracic Doppler echocardiography. Hypercapnia evoked a 34.6 ± 8.5% (mean ± SE; P < 0.01) increase in mean LADVmean, whereas hypoxia increased LADVmean by 51.4 ± 8.8% ( P < 0.05). Multiple stepwise regressions revealed that both mechanical energy and changes in arterial blood gases are important contributors to the observed changes in LADVmean ( P < 0.01). In summary, regulation of the coronary vasculature in humans is mediated by metabolic changes within the heart and an inherent sensitivity to arterial blood gases.

Effect of lipemia and heparin on arterial carbon dioxide tension

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph J. Barboriak ◽  
Ross C. Kory ◽  
Lyle H. Hamilton ◽  
Sandy I. Helman
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Lipoprotein Lipase ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Tension ◽  
Arterial Carbon Dioxide Tension ◽  
Rapid Rise ◽  
Arterial Blood Gases ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Respiratory Gases

Intravenous injection of heparin to lipemic subjects was followed by a rapid rise in arterial Pco2, amounting to 4.7 mm Hg 15 min after the injection; the alveolar Pco2 did not seem to be affected. In fasting subjects the postheparin rise in arterial Pco2 was less pronounced. Subsequent studies showed that the observed Pco2 rise occurred in vitro in the drawn blood and was due to an accumulation of unesterified fatty acids, liberated by the heparin-induced lipoprotein lipase. respiratory gases; arterial blood gases; blood pH; a-A Pco2 gradient; lipoprotein lipase Submitted on June 18, 1964

Indications for measurement of total carbon dioxide in arterial blood.

1988 ◽  
Vol 34 (8) ◽  
pp. 1650-1652 ◽  
Author(s):  
G J Kost ◽  
J K Trent ◽  
D Saeed
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Blood Sampling ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Content ◽  
Arterial Blood Sampling ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Arterial Ph ◽  
Therapeutic Decisions ◽  
Technical Artifacts ◽  
Hasselbalch Equation

Abstract There is increasing evidence of variability in pK1', the practical dissociation coefficient used in the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation to calculate arterial bicarbonate from measurements of arterial pH and pco2. The case presented here illustrates not only potential technical artifacts in arterial blood sampling, which can confuse, but also irreconcilable differences in the values of calculated arterial bicarbonate vs measured arterial and venous total carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide content). Measurements of total carbon dioxide in arterial blood will resolve such conflicts, particularly for acutely ill patients, and will reflect the correct bicarbonate measurements for use in therapeutic decisions.

Arterial Blood Gases in Pranayama Practice

1978 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Pratap ◽  
W. H. Berrettini ◽  
C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Blood Gases ◽  
Neural Mechanism ◽  
Arterial Blood Gases ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Yogic Breathing ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Calming Effect

Pranayama is a Yogic breathing practice which is known experientially to produce a profound calming effect on the mind. In an experiment designed to determine whether the mental effects of this practice were accompanied by changes in the arterial blood gases, arterial blood was drawn from 10 trained individuals prior to and immediately after Pranayama practice. No significant changes in arterial blood gases were noted after Pranayama. A neural mechanism for the mental effects of this practice is proposed.

The Significance of the Bohr Effect in the Respiration and Asphyxiation of the Squid, Loligo Pealei

1929 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 340-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALFRED C. REDFIELD ◽  
ROBERT GOODKIND
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Toxic Effect ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Bohr Effect ◽  
Reciprocal Effects ◽  
Cent Oxygen ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Content ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Loligo Pealei

1. The oxygen and carbon-dioxide content of the arterial and venous blood of the squid, Loligo pealei, have been measured. 2. Using a nomographic method of analysis it is shown that the reciprocal effects of oxygen and carbon dioxide upon the respiratory properties of squid haemocyanin account for one-third of the respiratory exchange. 3. The venous blood is estimated to be 0.13 pH unit more acid than the arterial blood. 4. Death from asphyxiation occurs when the oxygen and carbon-dioxide pressures are such that the arterial blood can combine with only 0.5 to 1.5 volumes per cent, oxygen. Carbon dioxide exerts no toxic effect except through its influence on the oxygenation of the blood. 5. The haemocyanin of the blood is of vital necessity to the squid, because the amount of oxygen which can be physically dissolved in blood is less than the amount which is necessary for the maintenance of life.

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