The Significance of the Bohr Effect in the Respiration and Asphyxiation of the Squid, Loligo Pealei

1929 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 340-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALFRED C. REDFIELD ◽  
ROBERT GOODKIND
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Toxic Effect ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Bohr Effect ◽  
Reciprocal Effects ◽  
Cent Oxygen ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Content ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Loligo Pealei

1. The oxygen and carbon-dioxide content of the arterial and venous blood of the squid, Loligo pealei, have been measured. 2. Using a nomographic method of analysis it is shown that the reciprocal effects of oxygen and carbon dioxide upon the respiratory properties of squid haemocyanin account for one-third of the respiratory exchange. 3. The venous blood is estimated to be 0.13 pH unit more acid than the arterial blood. 4. Death from asphyxiation occurs when the oxygen and carbon-dioxide pressures are such that the arterial blood can combine with only 0.5 to 1.5 volumes per cent, oxygen. Carbon dioxide exerts no toxic effect except through its influence on the oxygenation of the blood. 5. The haemocyanin of the blood is of vital necessity to the squid, because the amount of oxygen which can be physically dissolved in blood is less than the amount which is necessary for the maintenance of life.

scholarly journals THE OXYGEN CONTENT OF THE BLOOD IN LOBAR PNEUMONIA

1913 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis W. Peabody
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Oxygen Content ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Progressive Decrease ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Content ◽  
Lobar Pneumonia ◽  
Normal Limits ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Hemoglobin Molecule

In most cases of uncomplicated lobar pneumonia the decrease of respiratory surface is completely compensated for, and the oxygen content of the blood is within normal limits. Occasional cases of uncomplicated pneumonia have an oxygen content of the venous blood which is below normal. In the two cases reported here, this was associated with a carbon dioxide content of the blood which was higher than normally, and the condition was apparently due to an interference with the respiratory exchange of gases. In the terminal stage of the fatal cases of pneumonia in which death does not occur with great suddenness, there is often a progressive diminution in the oxygen content of the blood. Synchronous with this is a progressive decrease in the oxygen-combining capacity of the blood. These changes are usually seen in patients in whom an intense bacteremia has developed and are analogous to those found in the arterial blood of infected rabbits, and to those resulting from the growth of the pneumococcus in blood in vitro. In all three conditions there is probably a change of oxyhemoglobin to methemoglobin. This change of the hemoglobin molecule, so that it no longer takes up and gives off oxygen readily, is probably a factor in the immediate cause of death in many cases of pneumonia.

scholarly journals THE OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE CONTENT OF ARTERIAL AND OF VENOUS BLOOD IN NORMAL INDIVIDUALS AND IN PATIENTS WITH ANEMIA AND HEART DISEASE

1919 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
George A. Harrop
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Content ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Normal Individual ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Content ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Percentage Saturation ◽  
Normal Individuals

1. The oxygen content of venous and of arterial blood from fifteen essentially normal individuals at rest in bed has been determined. 2. The percentage saturation of the arterial blood has varied between 100 and 94.3. The average is 95.5 per cent. 3. The oxygen consumption has varied between 2.6 and 8.3 volumes per cent. 4. The oxygen content and the percentage saturation of arterial blood taken at close intervals from three different peripheral arteries of a normal individual have shown values agreeing within the limits of error. Analyses of the blood gases of a normal individual, at rest and after exercise, have shown a lowering of the percentage oxygen saturation of the arterial blood and a diminished carbon dioxide content after exercise. 5. In three persons with severe anemia the saturation of the arterial blood has not differed from the normal. Very low absolute values were found for the oxygen content of the venous blood, but the normal oxygen consumption has been maintained. 6. The carbon dioxide content of the arterial blood from ten normal individuals has varied between 54.7 and 44.6 volumes per cent. That of the venous blood has varied between 60.4 and 48.3 volumes per cent. 7. No deviations from the normal values for oxygen and carbon dioxide were found in venous and arterial blood from cardiac patients without arrhytiunias, well compensated, and at rest in bed. 8. A series of determinations has been made upon nine cardiac patients with varying degrees of decompensation. The percentage oxygen saturation of the arterial blood on admission was abnormally low in seven of these cases. With the return to compensation and with the clearing up of pulmonary symptoms, the percentage saturation of the arterial blood returned to normal in four of them. 9. In a case of long standing mitral endocarditis with auricular fibrillation it remained low over a period of I month of observation. 10. In a case of chronic myocarditis secondary to emphysema and chronic bronchitis, it remained low over the period of observation. 11. Normal values for the percentage saturation of the arterial blood were found in two individuals with decompensated aortic disease but without physical signs of extensive pulmonary involvement. 12. The oxygen consumption tended to be high in individuals with cardiac disease during the periods of marked decompensation and to be lower as compensation was regained. 13. The data presented indicate that at least in many circulatory diseases during decompensation, particularly when there are physical signs of pulmonary congestion, there is a disturbance of the pulmonary exchange, as indicated by the lowering of the percentage saturation of the arterial blood with oxygen.

Clinical evaluation of an instrument to measure carbon dioxide tension at the oxygenator gas outlet in cardiopulmonary bypass

Perfusion ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frode Kristiansen ◽  
Jan Olav Høgetveit ◽  
Thore H Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Bypass ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Tension ◽  
Circuit Board ◽  
Separate Analysis ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Gas Measurement ◽  
Venous Blood Gas

This paper presents the clinical testing of a new capno-graph designed to measure the carbon dioxide tension at the oxygenator exhaust outlet in cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). During CPB, there is a need for reliable, accurate and instant estimates of the arterial blood CO2 tension (PaCO2) in the patient. Currently, the standard practice for measuring PaCO2 involves the manual collection of intermittent blood samples, followed by a separate analysis performed by a blood gas analyser. Probes for inline blood gas measurement exist, but they are expensive and, thus, unsuitable for routine use. A well-known method is to measure PexCO2, ie, the partial pressure of CO2 in the exhaust gas output from the oxygenator and use this as an indirect estimate for PaCO2. Based on a commercially available CO2 sensor circuit board, a laminar flow capnograph was developed. A standard sample line with integrated water trap was connected to the oxygenator exhaust port. Fifty patients were divided into six different groups with respect to oxygenator type and temperature range. Both arterial and venous blood gas samples were drawn from the CPB circuit at various temperatures. Alfa-stat corrected pCO2 values were obtained by running a linear regression for each group based on the arterial temperature and then correcting the PexCO2 accordingly. The accuracy of the six groups was found to be (±SD): ±4.3, ±4.8, ±5.7, ±1.0, ±3.7 and ±2.1%. These results suggest that oxygenator exhaust capnography is a simple, inexpensive and reliable method of estimating the PaCO2 in both adult and pediatric patients at all relevant temperatures.

scholarly journals ERYTHROSIS, OR FALSE CYANOSIS

1919 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christen Lundsgaard
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Content ◽  
Total Hemoglobin ◽  
Oxygen Capacity ◽  
Mucous Membranes

1. In the venous blood of a patient with Vaquez' disease normal values were found for the oxygen unsaturation (reduced hemoglobin), although the total hemoglobin and oxygen capacity were abnormally high. The carbon dioxide content was normal. 2. The color of the skin and mucous membranes of this patient was more reddish than blue. 3. It is proposed to call the color of the skin in polycythemic patients erythrosis in order to distinguish the condition from cyanosis.

scholarly journals Blood total carbon dioxide content and bicarbonate can be used together to predict blood pH correctly in venous blood samples

Renal Failure ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-146
Author(s):  
Fatih Bulucu ◽  
Mustafa Çakar ◽  
Ömer Kurt ◽  
Fatih Yeşildal ◽  
Hakan Şarlak
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Content ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Blood Ph
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