scholarly journals THE EFFECTS OF SPATIAL ATTENTION AND EMOTIONS ON GLOBAL AND LOCAL PROCESSES

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (21) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Spatial Cues ◽  
Local Bias ◽  
Local Preference ◽  
Emotional Picture ◽  
Symbolic Cues ◽  
Global And Local ◽  
Global Bias

Present study is designed to investigate modulations in global-local processes by emotions and spatial cues. Aim was to investigate the effect of emotions on global-local bias and to examine if symbolic cues modulate these processes by simultaneously presenting the cue and emotional picture. Using the Navon (1977) figures, participants were presented with (in)congruent displays formed by the (in)congruency between the global and local features. Before presenting the displays, emotional (Experiment 1A: positive, Experiment 1B: negative) or neutral picture was presented simultaneously with global, local or neutral symbolic arrow cues, used as spatial cues to bias attention in global and local levels respectively. Participants were then asked to choose one stimulus out of three options. Chosen stimulus is expected to indicate the bias of participants. Reaction time and global-local preference measurements were analyzed. Reaction time was not modulated by any of the factors. The global/local bias measurements revealed a shift from local to global bias in the presence of negative emotion. The findings reveal information on global and local processes by adapting new methodological approach. Keywords Global and local processes, positive and negative emotions, global cue, local cue, global-local preference

scholarly journals Endogenous Spatial Attention Modulates the Magnitude of the Colavita Visual Dominance Effect

i-Perception ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 204166952110271
Author(s):  
Aijun Wang ◽  
Heng Zhou ◽  
Yuanyuan Hu ◽  
Qiong Wu ◽  
Tianyang Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Spatial Attention ◽  
Dominance Effect ◽  
Uncued Location ◽  
Reaction Time Difference ◽  
Spatial Cues ◽  
Auditory Cues ◽  
Colavita Effect ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Visual Dominance Effect

The Colavita effect refers to the phenomenon wherein people tend to not respond to an auditory stimulus when a visual stimulus is simultaneously presented. Although previous studies have shown that endogenous modality attention influences the Colavita effect, whether the Colavita effect is influenced by endogenous spatial attention remains unknown. In the present study, we established endogenous spatial cues to investigate whether the size of the Colavita effect changes under visual or auditory cues. We measured three indexes to investigate the effect of endogenous spatial attention on the size of the Colavita effect. These three indexes were developed based on the following observations in bimodal trials: (a) The proportion of the “only vision” response was significantly higher than that of the “only audition” response; (b) the proportion of the “vision precedes audition” response was significantly higher than that of the “audition precedes vision” response; and (c) the reaction time difference of the “vision precedes audition” response was significantly higher than that of the “audition precedes vision” response. Our results showed that the Colavita effect was always influenced by endogenous spatial attention and that its size was larger at the cued location than at the uncued location; the cue modality (visual vs. auditory) had no effect on the size of the Colavita effect. Taken together, the present results shed light on how endogenous spatial attention affects the Colavita effect.

Multi-Stakeholder and Multilevel Food Governance

2020 ◽  
pp. 60-72
Author(s):  
Sérgio Pedro
Keyword(s):  
Food Systems ◽  
Food System ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Central Element ◽  
Sustainable Food Systems ◽  
Sustainable Food ◽  
Food Governance ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Multi Stakeholder ◽  
Global And Local

The contemporary food system, in its global and local dimensions, is a central element of the debate on the sustainability of the planet, a debate that increasingly involves more stakeholders and areas of knowledge in the search for answers to the multiple questions related to the attainment of more sustainable patterns for food and agriculture. The present chapter analyses the participative multi-stakeholder and multilevel model of food governance of the Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries (CPLP), in which stakeholders from different societal and expertise sectors participate in equal manners in the process of co-construction of institutional, technical, and financing measures for the functioning of a given food system. The present chapter has the main goal of sharing and critically analysing the CPLP´s institutional context for the promotion of sustainable food systems as an example of an integrated methodological approach to support the creation of coordinated public policies and institutional conditions to implement a transition to more sustainable food systems and diets.

Sustainability governing entities in higher education throughout Chile

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Mac-lean ◽  
Luis Santiago Vargas ◽  
Gonzalo Uribe ◽  
Cristian Aldea ◽  
Lorna Lares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Survey Design ◽  
Higher Education Institutions ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Organizational Structures ◽  
Campus Network ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Aggregated Data ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Global And Local

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a panoramic and systematic view of 10 Sustainable Campus Network (SCN) universities’ internal entities in charge of the sustainability effort – such as offices, committees, units, programs, or other, showing how some institutions have gained increasing deployment and momentum. However, their appearance and growth pathways have had significant disparities. Design/methodology/approach Global and local agendas have had a strong influence on Chilean higher education institutions. A relevant signal has been the creation of the SCN, formed by 21 Chilean universities, whose vision is to help shape a fair and environmentally healthy civilization contributing from the higher education realm. This work adopts a survey design methodological approach. It describes the following resulting components obtained from the aggregated data: (a) emergence processes and environments, (b) governance models and operational mechanisms, (c) networks and collaboration, and (d) final products generated, for sustainability governing entities within universities in Chile. Findings The main findings indicate that at the institutional level, the Cleaner Production Agreement for higher education institutions and the creation of the SCN have been key drivers in the formalization of several entities leading the sustainability efforts within Chilean universities. Also, regarding the degree of commitment to sustainability, the most active internal stakeholder corresponds to students. Originality/value The present work represents a pioneering effort in the Chilean context to identify and systematize the challenges, organizational structures, and key accomplishments of sustainability governing entities in higher education nationwide.

DIFFUSION UNDER CROSSED LOCAL AND GLOBAL BIASES IN DISORDERED SYSTEMS

2000 ◽  
Vol 11 (07) ◽  
pp. 1357-1369 ◽  
Author(s):  
SITANGSHU BIKAS SANTRA ◽  
WILLIAM A. SEITZ
Keyword(s):  
Relaxation Time ◽  
Disordered Systems ◽  
Maximum Rate ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Square Lattice ◽  
Site Percolation ◽  
Local Bias ◽  
Random Walker ◽  
Percolation Clusters ◽  
Global Bias

Diffusion on 2D site percolation clusters at p = 0.7, 0.8, and 0.9 above pc on the square lattice in the presence of two crossed bias fields, a local bias B and a global bias E, has been investigated. The global bias E is applied in a fixed global direction whereas the local bias B imposes a rotational constraint on the motion of the diffusing particle. The rms displacement Rt ~ tk in the presence of both biases is studied. Depending on the strength of E and B, the behavior of the random walker changes from diffusion to drift to no-drift or trapping. There is always diffusion for finite B with no global bias. A crossover from drift to no-drift at a critical global bias Ec is observed in the presence of local bias B for all disordered lattices. At the crossover, value of the rms exponent changes from k = 1 to k < 1, the drift velocity vt changes from constant in time t to decreasing power law nature, and the "relaxation" time τ has a maximum rate of change with respect to the global bias E. The value of critical bias Ec depends on the disorder p as well as on the strength of local bias B. Phase diagrams for diffusion, drift, and no-drift are obtained as a function of bias fields E and B for these systems.

scholarly journals Trial-by-trial modulation of express visuomotor responses induced by symbolic or barely detectable cues

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuele Contemori ◽  
Gerald E. Loeb ◽  
Brian D. Corneil ◽  
Guy Wallis ◽  
Timothy J. Carroll
Keyword(s):  
Superior Colliculus ◽  
Target Location ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Surface Emg ◽  
Spatial Cues ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Low Contrast ◽  
Visuomotor Transformations ◽  
Spinal Pathway ◽  
Symbolic Cues

ABSTRACTHuman cerebral cortex can produce visuomotor responses that are modulated by contextual and task-specific constraints. However, the distributed cortical network for visuomotor transformations limits the minimal response time of that pathway. Notably, humans can generate express visuomotor responses that are inflexibly tuned to the target location and occur 80-120ms from stimulus presentation (stimulus-locked responses, SLRs). This suggests a subcortical pathway for visuomotor transformations involving the superior colliculus and its downstream reticulo-spinal projections. Here we investigated whether cognitive expectations can modulate the SLR. In one experiment, we recorded surface EMG from shoulder muscles as participants reached toward a visual target whose location was unpredictable in control conditions, and partially predictable in cue conditions by extrapolating a symbolic cue (75% validity). Valid symbolic cues led to faster and larger SLRs than control conditions; invalid symbolic cues produced slower and smaller SLRs than control conditions. This is consistent with a cortical top-down modulation of the putative subcortical SLR-network. In a second experiment, we presented high-contrast targets in isolation (control) or ~24ms after low-contrast stimuli, which could appear at the same (valid cue) or opposite (invalid cue) location as the target, and with equal probability (50% cue validity). We observed faster SLRs than control with the valid low-contrast cues, whereas the invalid cues led to the opposite results. These findings may reflect exogenous priming mechanisms of the SLR network, potentially evolving subcortically via the superior colliculus. Overall, our results support both top-down and bottom-up modulations of the putative subcortical SLR network in humans.NEW & NOTEWORTHYExpress visuomotor responses in humans appear to reflect subcortical sensorimotor transformation of visual inputs, potentially conveyed via the tecto-reticulo-spinal pathway. Here we show that the express responses are influenced both by symbolic and barely detectable spatial cues about stimulus location. The symbolic cue-induced effects suggest cortical top-down modulation of the putative subcortical visuomotor network. The effects of barely detectable cues may reflect exogenous priming mechanisms of the tecto-reticulo-spinal pathway.

Ways of understanding family practices across contexts

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Phoenix ◽  
Uma Vennam ◽  
Catherine Walker ◽  
Janet Boddy
Keyword(s):  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Children And Families ◽  
Everyday Lives ◽  
Majority World ◽  
Local Environments ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Multi Method Approach ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Global And Local ◽  
Method Approach

This chapter explores the situated, dynamic, and relational complexities, and of the ways in which space, place, and time intersect with meanings of environment in the everyday lives of children and families. It sets out to disrupt assumptions of Minority to Majority world learning, and homogenising notions of cross-national in/comparability, through a methodological approach designed to create an analytic conversation across diverse contexts within and between India and the UK. The chapter focuses on the relationality and materiality of everyday lives, devising a multi-method approach in order to capture the interconnectedness of family lives and practices. It uses a common world approach that seeks to avoid the unhelpful binarisations of big and small or ‘global’ and ‘local’ environments, which act as a barrier to understanding.

Attention to baseline: does orienting visuospatial attention really facilitate target detection?

2011 ◽  
Vol 106 (2) ◽  
pp. 809-816 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion Albares ◽  
Marion Criaud ◽  
Claire Wardak ◽  
Song Chi Trung Nguyen ◽  
Suliann Ben Hamed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Target Detection ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Visuospatial Attention ◽  
Detection Task ◽  
Spatial Cues ◽  
Neurophysiological Studies ◽  
Target Detection Task

Standard protocols testing the orientation of visuospatial attention usually present spatial cues before targets and compare valid-cue trials with invalid-cue trials. The valid/invalid contrast results in a relative behavioral or physiological difference that is generally interpreted as a benefit of attention orientation. However, growing evidence suggests that inhibitory control of response is closely involved in this kind of protocol that requires the subjects to withhold automatic responses to cues, probably biasing behavioral and physiological baselines. Here, we used two experiments to disentangle the inhibitory control of automatic responses from orienting of visuospatial attention in a saccadic reaction time task in humans, a variant of the classical cue-target detection task and a sustained visuospatial attentional task. Surprisingly, when referring to a simple target detection task in which there is no need to refrain from reacting to avoid inappropriate responses, we found no consistent evidence of facilitation of target detection at the attended location. Instead, we observed a cost at the unattended location. Departing from the classical view, our results suggest that reaction time measures of visuospatial attention probably relie on the attenuation of elementary processes involved in visual target detection and saccade initiation away from the attended location rather than on facilitation at the attended location. This highlights the need to use proper control conditions in experimental designs to disambiguate relative from absolute cueing benefits on target detection reaction times, both in psychophysical and neurophysiological studies.

Conceptual Binding: Integrated Visual Cues Reduce Processing Costs in Bimanual Movements

2009 ◽  
Vol 102 (1) ◽  
pp. 302-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Wenderoth ◽  
M. Van Dooren ◽  
A. Vandebroek ◽  
J. De Vos ◽  
S. Vangheluwe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Bimanual Movements ◽  
Bimanual Control ◽  
Common Response ◽  
Computational Resources ◽  
Symbolic Cues

In discrete reaction time (RT) tasks, it has been shown that nonsymmetric bimanual movements are initiated slower than symmetric movements in response to symbolic cues. By contrast, no such RT differences are found in response to direct cues (“direct cue effect”). Here, we report three experiments showing that the direct cue effect generalizes to rhythmical bimanual movements and that RT cost depends on different cue features: 1) symbolic versus direct or 2) integrated (i.e., action of both hands is indicated as one entity) versus dissociated (i.e., action of each hand is indicated separately). Our main finding was that dissociated symbolic cues were most likely processed serially, resulting in the longest RTs, which were substantially reduced with integrated symbolic cues. However, extra RT costs for switching to nonsymmetrical bimanual movements were overcome only when the integrated cues were direct. We conclude that computational resources might have been exceeded when the response needs to be determined for each hand separately, but not when a common response for both hands is selected. This supports the idea that bimanual control benefits from conceptual binding.

Bimanual Interference in Rapid Discrete Movements Is Task Specific and Occurs at Multiple Levels of Processing

2005 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 1861-1868 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sukhvinder S. Obhi ◽  
Melvyn A. Goodale
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Motor Preparation ◽  
Discrete Movements ◽  
Hand Orientation ◽  
Bimanual Movements ◽  
Simultaneous Activation ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
The Right ◽  
Symbolic Cues

It has been suggested that interference in symbolically cued bimanual reaction time tasks is caused primarily by the perceptual processing of stimuli and not by motor preparation of the required movements. Here subjects made movements of the right and left index fingers that varied in their spatial and motor congruence. Spatial congruence was manipulated by presenting symbolic cues (i.e., pairs of letters) on a computer screen cueing the required movement directions. Motor congruence was manipulated by altering hand orientation. Results showed that interference occurs at both the stage of stimulus processing and the stage of motor preparation. These effects were reflected in the latencies of the different bimanual movements with both motor incongruence and spatial incongruence causing significant increases in reaction time. However, spatially incongruent movements that were made in response to incongruent visual cues demonstrated changes in reaction time that were more than double those of movements that required simultaneous activation of nonhomologous muscles. Therefore in symbolically cued bimanual reaction-time tasks, although both motor and spatial constraints operate, there is a clear dominance of spatial incongruence on performance. While motor congruence effects are likely due to cross-facilitation in corticospinal pathways, spatial incongruence effects are probably due to interference between the mechanisms that identify incongruent stimuli and translate these cues into the appropriate movements.

Mood and global-local visual processing

1996 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. Basso ◽  
Bruce K. Schefft ◽  
M. Douglas Ris ◽  
William N. Dember
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Positive Mood ◽  
Judgment Task ◽  
Mood States ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Perceptual Judgment ◽  
Testing Hypotheses ◽  
Personality Variables ◽  
Local Bias ◽  
Global Bias

AbstractTesting hypotheses derived from neuropsychological models of mood, as well as the association of mood states and personality characteristics with global-local visual processing, were examined. Fifty-nine men completed measures associated with depression and positive mood, and were administered a brief perceptual judgment task that assessed global-local visual processing biases. Additionally, 19 of these 59 subjects were administered measures of anxiety and optimism-pessimism and completed an expanded judgment task. Affective and personality variables were then correlated with judgment task performances. Consistent with predictions, positive mood and optimism were directly associated with a global bias and inversely related to a local bias. A converse pattern of findings was obtained with depression and trait anxiety. Implications for research concerning other aspects of visual processing are discussed. (JINS, 1996, 2, 249–255.)

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