Dynamic Anatomic Relationship of the Esophagus and Trachea on Sonography

Iatrogenic brachial plexus injury is an uncommon but potentially severe complication of shoulder reconstruction for instability that involves dissection near the subscapularis muscle and potentially near the brachial plexus. We examined the relationship of the brachial plexus to the glenoid and the subscapularis muscle and evaluated the proximity of retractors used in anterior shoulder surgical procedures to the brachial plexus. Eight fresh-frozen cadaveric shoulders were exposed by a deltopectoral approach. The subscapularis muscle was split in the middle and dissected to reveal the capsule beneath it. The capsule was split at midline, and a Steinmann pin was placed in the equator of the glenoid rim under direct visualization. The distance from the glenoid rim to the brachial plexus was measured with calipers with the arm in 0°, 60°, and 90° of abduction. The brachial plexus and axillary artery were within 2 cm of the glenoid rim, with the brachial plexus as close as 5 mm in some cases. There was no statistically significant change in the distance from the glenoid rim to the musculocutaneous nerve, axillary artery, medial cord, or posterior cord with the arm in various degrees of abduction. Retractors placed superficial to the subscapularis muscle or used along the scapular neck make contact with the brachial plexus in all positions tested.

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The anatomic relationship of the insertion of the superior lateral pterygoid muscle to the articular disc in the temporomandibular joint of human cadavers

American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics ◽

10.1016/s0889-5406(05)80272-0 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 99 (3) ◽

pp. 285

Keyword(s):

Temporomandibular Joint ◽

Articular Disc ◽

Lateral Pterygoid Muscle ◽

Human Cadavers ◽

Relationship Of ◽

Anatomic Relationship

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Interactions of immunostained ACTH1-39 fibers and CRF neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of rat hypothalamus: application of avidin-glucose oxidase to dual immunostaining procedures.

Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry ◽

10.1177/35.2.2432117 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 35 (2) ◽

pp. 261-265 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

D T Piekut

Keyword(s):

Glucose Oxidase ◽

Paraventricular Nucleus ◽

Reaction Products ◽

Distinctive Features ◽

Rat Hypothalamus ◽

Blue Reaction ◽

Crf Neurons ◽

Relationship Of ◽

Anatomic Relationship ◽

Dual Staining

Dual staining immunocytochemical procedures were used to elucidate the distribution and potential anatomic relationship of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)-containing cell bodies and central opiocortin fibers in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of rat hypothalamus. Double-immunostained preparations employed antibodies and the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique as a first sequence in the immunostaining protocol, followed by antibodies and glucose oxidase-conjugated avidin as the second sequence, yielding rich brown and vibrant blue reaction products respectively. Distinctive features of this new dual immunostaining technique and its applicability to the study of co-localization and coexistence of neuropeptides are discussed. This study demonstrates immunostained ACTH1-39 fibers in intimate anatomic proximity to, and often surrounding in remarkable density, CRF-containing cells localized in distinct subnuclei of the PVN. It appears that the central opiocortin system selectively innervates CRF neurons in the PVN.

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Anatomic Relationship of the Cystic Duct to the Cystic Artery in 100 Consecutive Cases of Cholecystectomy

Surgical Clinics of North America ◽

10.1016/s0039-6109(16)33082-1 ◽

1950 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 1001-1004 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Howard K. Gray ◽

Frank B. Whitesell

Keyword(s):

Cystic Duct ◽

Cystic Artery ◽

Relationship Of ◽

Anatomic Relationship

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