Analysis of the Security of Modern Automated Technological Processes Control Systems: Attack on a SCADA Object

(……) Modern automated technology process control systems and the chances of attacks on them are examined in this article. It studies worm virus, Stuxnet, and its detection at the Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant. It also analyzes ways of carrying out attacks on critically important objects, and provides analytical tools for the security of technological process systems. The ways for discovering nodes compromised by the Stuxnet virus are proposed. The article considers technological network of typical topology and its typical vulnerabilities; it analyzes the Modbus protocol, the routing system, and passwords on Cisco routers.

History Taking in Non-Acute Vestibular Symptoms: A Four-Step Approach

History taking is crucial in the diagnostic process for vestibular disorders. To facilitate the process, systems such as TiTrATE, SO STONED, and DISCOHAT have been used to describe the different paradigms; together, they address the most important aspects of history taking, viz. time course, triggers, and accompanying symptoms. However, multiple (vestibular) disorders may co-occur in the same patient. This complicates history taking, since the time course, triggers, and accompanying symptoms can vary, depending on the disorder. History taking can, therefore, be improved by addressing the important aspects of each co-occurring vestibular disorder separately. The aim of this document is to describe a four-step approach for improving history taking in patients with non-acute vestibular symptoms, by guiding the clinician and the patient through the history taking process. It involves a systematic approach that explicitly identifies all co-occurring vestibular disorders in the same patient, and which addresses each of these vestibular disorders separately. The four steps are: (1) describing any attack(s) of vertigo and/or dizziness; (2) describing any chronic vestibular symptoms; (3) screening for functional, psychological, and psychiatric co-morbidity; (4) establishing a comprehensive diagnosis, including all possible co-occurring (vestibular) disorders. In addition, pearls and pitfalls will be discussed separately for each step.