Tinjauan Literatur Sistematik Tentang Penerapan Motion Capture Pada Proses Produksi Animasi

Motion capture adalah metode atraktif untuk membuat gerakan dalam animasi komputer. Mocap dapat menyajikan gerakan yang realistis dan memberikan nuansa dan detil khususnya pada pameran tertentu. Mocap memungkinkan bagi aktor dan sutradara untuk bekerja bersama membuat gerakan tertentu yang diinginkan, yang itu akan sulit dilakukan pada animator yang bekerja secara manual. Teknologi motion capture dibutuhkan dalam berbagai aplikasi, khususnya animasi yang terus berkembang pesat. Teknik yang digunakan dapat menggunakan penanda maupun tanpa penanda (markerless). Ada banyak algoritma untuk motion capture salah satunya metode Active Appearance Model (AAM). Metode ini mampu melakukan capture titik-titik landmark pada wajah dengan baik. Penelitian ini diarahkan untuk mengembangkan teknik markerless motion capture dengan menggunakan AAM pada wajah. Dari metode yang ada perlu diketahui mana metode yang paling efektif untuk digunakan, untuk itu penelitian ini membandingkan dua metode AAM, yaitu IAIA (Inverse Additive Image Alignment) dan ICIA (Inverse Compositional Image Alignment) yang dilakukan secara real time. AAM merupakan metode yang sering digunakan pada pemodelan wajah (face modeling). Namun, AAM dapat juga bermanfaat untuk implementasi lainnya. Dalam aplikasi tertentu, langkah pertama adalah mencocokan AAM dengan gambar, yakni parameter model ditemukan terlebih dahulu untuk memaksi-malkan kecocokan antara contoh model dengan gambar input.

What computational model provides the best explanation of face representations in the primate brain?

SummaryUnderstanding how the brain represents the identity of complex objects is a central challenge of visual neuroscience. The principles governing object processing have been extensively studied in the macaque face patch system, a sub-network of inferotemporal (IT) cortex specialized for face processing (Tsao et al., 2006). A previous study reported that single face patch neurons encode axes of a generative model called the “active appearance” model (Chang and Tsao, 2017), which transforms 50-d feature vectors separately representing facial shape and facial texture into facial images (Cootes et al., 2001; Edwards et al., 1998). However, it remains unclear whether this model constitutes the best model for explaining face cell responses. Here, we recorded responses of cells in the most anterior face patch AM to a large set of real face images, and compared a large number of models for explaining neural responses. We found that the active appearance model better explained responses than any other model except CORnet-Z, a feedforward deep neural network trained on general object classification to classify non-face images, whose performance it tied on some face image sets and exceeded on others. Surprisingly, deep neural networks trained specifically on facial identification did not explain neural responses well. A major reason is that units in the network, unlike neurons, are less modulated by face-related factors unrelated to facial identification such as illumination.

BIOMETRICS SECURITY BASED ON FACE RECOGNITION

Biometrics is a rapidly developing technology, which has been broadly applied in forensics such as criminal identification, secured access, and prison security. The biometric technology is basically a pattern recognition system that acknowledges a person by finding out the legitimacy of a specific behavioral or physiological characteristic owned by that person. In this era, face is one of the commonly acceptable biometrics system which is used by humans in their visual interaction and authentication purpose. The challenges in the face recognition system arise from different issues concerned with cosmetic applied faces and of low quality images. In this thesis, we propose two novel techniques for extraction of facial features and recognition of faces when thick cosmetic is applied and of low quality images. In the face recognition technology, the facial marks identification method is one of the unique facial identification tasks using soft biometrics. Also facial marks information can enhance the face matching score to improve the face recognition performance. When faces are applied by thick cosmetics, some of the facial marks are invisible or hidden from their faces. In the literature, to detect the facial marks AAM (Active Appearance Model) and LoG (Laplacian of Gaussian) techniques are used. However, to the best of our knowledge, the methods related to the detection of facial marks are poor in performance especially when thick cosmetic is applied to the faces. A robust method is proposed to detect the facial marks such as tattoos, scars, freckles and moles etc. Initially the active appearance model (AAM) is applied for facial feature detection purpose. In addition to this prior model the Canny edge detector method is also applied to detect the facial mark edges. Finally SURF is used to detect the hidden facial marks which are covered by cosmetic items. It has been shown that the choice of this method gives high accuracy in facial marks detection of the cosmetic applied faces. Besides, another aspect of the face recognition based on low quality images is also studied. Face recognition indeed plays a major rule in the biometrics security environment. To provide secure authentication, a robust methodology for recognizing and authentication of the human face is required. However, there are numbers of difficulties in recognizing the human face and authentication of the person perfectly. The difficulty includes low quality of images due to sparse dark or light disturbances. To overcome such kind of problems, powerful algorithms are required to filter the images and detect the face and facial marks. This technique comprises extensively of detecting the different facial marks from that of low quality images which have salt and pepper noise in them. Initially (AMF) Adaptive Median Filter is applied to filter the images. The filtered images are then extracted to detect the primary facial feature using a powerful algorithm like Active Shape Model (ASM) into Active Appearance Model (AAM). Finally, the features are extracted using feature extractor algorithm Gradient Location Orientation Histogram (GLOH).Experimental results based on the CVL database and CMU PIE database with 1000 images of 1000 subjects and 2000 images of 2000 subjects show that the use of soft biometrics is able to improve face recognition performance. The results also showed that 93 percentage of accuracy is achieved. Second experiment is conducted with an Indian face database with 1000 images and results showed that 95 percentage of accuracy is achieved.

A Method for Identifying Fatigue State of Driver's Face Based on Improved AAM Algorithm

The change of lighting conditions and facial pose often affects the driver's face's video registration greatly, which affects the recognition accuracy of the driver's fatigue state. In this paper, the authors first analyze the reasons for the failure of the driver's face registration in the light conditions and the changes of facial gestures, and propose an adaptive AAM (Active Appearance Model) algorithm of adaptive illumination and attitude change. Then, the SURF (speeded up robust feature) feature extraction is performed on the registered driver's face video images, and finally the authors input the extracted SURF feature into the designed artificial neural network to realize the recognition of driver's fatigue state. The experimental results show that the improved AAM method can better adapt to the driver's face under the illumination and attitude changes, and the driver's facial image's SURF feature is more obvious. The average correct recognition rate of the driver's fatigue states is 92.43%.