Some Information about Beekeeping (On the Example of Bukhara Region)

The article discusses the historical glory of the beekeeping industry, the use of bee products in the treatment of various diseases, the role of honey in the quantitative and qualitative changes in the human body, the need for honey as a biogenic substance, basic and additional valuable products from beekeeping some information such as bee breeds, the division of labor in stratified individuals in the family, the types of packages in which bees are fed, the criteria for the development of families, the time of swarming, the establishment of a new family.

Circulation of biogenic substances in the Kamionka river-lake system

Circulation of biogenic substances in the Kamionka river-lake system Reservoirs in river-lake systems play a dominant role in the circulation of biogenic substances. Their evolutional transformations, consisting in accumulation of substances, results it their ultimate disappearance. However, at a given moment, the roles played by reservoirs are far more diverse - they accumulate, perform a transit role or supply the system with biogenic substances. The assignment of roles played in the system to reservoirs performed on the basis of data of 2006 was verified in 2007 with respect to the durability of their roles. Some of the lakes consistently accumulated biogenic substances. Their performing of this function in the system was facilitated by favourable morphometric conditions accompanied by strong pressure, exceeding the value determined for critical load. A tendency of supplying the system by other lakes was visible when they were charged with a lower load than the critical values for phosphorus load. The reservoirs then utilised the opportunity to discharge a part of biogenic substance present in them, partially of internal origin.

Biogenic brominated and iodinated organic compounds in ponds on the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica

During January 1994 seven meltwater ponds on the McMurdo Ice Shelf were investigated for their content of biogenic iodinated and brominated volatile hydrocarbons. An efficient purge and trap system in combination with a powerful gas chromatographic separation and an electron capture detector achieved detection limits of 0.02–0.4 ng 1−1, depending on the different substances. The following compounds could be identified and quantified: CH3I, CH2I2, CH2C1I, CHBr3, CH2Br2, BrCH2CH2Br, CHBr2Cl, and CHBrCl2. This is the first time that 1,2–dibromoethane has been detected as a biogenic substance in the environment. In contrast to many other aquatic systems, where CH3I is found to be the most volatile iodine compound, CH2I2 showed the highest concentration in all ponds falling in the range of 5–20 ng 1−1. In three of seven ponds investigated, CH2CII was the second abundant iodinated substance. CHBr3 usually exhibited concentrations in the range of 2.5–8.6 ng 1−1. BrCH2CH2Br, previously not observed as a biogenic compound, was found to have concentrations similar to those of bromoform and even exceeded the bromoform content in two ponds and the CH2Br2 content in all ponds. Whether cyanobacteria, the dominant organisms in the ponds, are responsible for this distribution pattern must be clarified by further investigations.