LATE ROMAN COIN FINDS IN UKRAINE: HISTORY OF RESEARCH

Analyzing the published researches by previous researchers of new finds of coins of the different periods we were determining as one of the actual directions of research in the medieval numismatics in Ukraine. Examining the scientific achievements of the Ukrainian numismatists, we have determined a significant gap in the focus of research on the findings of coins of the Western Roman Empire and the territory of Ukraine, in particular, the sporadic conclusions are also published by researchers analyzing the existence of Roman coins in this period. The aim of the study. The main purpose of the article is to discover the historiography of the study of the findings of coins of the Western Roman Empire in the period of the IV – the beginning of the V cent. in Ukrainian historiography. Research methodology. In the process of scientific research of the topic the general scientific methods were used: analytical, chronological, and topographic, as well as special methods: critical, metrological and iconographic. The scientific novelty is that for the first time conclusions of scientific current development of the topography of finds of late Roman coins on the territory of Ukraine were introduced into scientific circulation, some observations on the introduction of these finds into scientific circulation were given. The Conclusions. Most of the finds introduced by numismatists into scientific circulation belong to those found in the nineteenth century, about only part of which are preserved information about their transfer to museum collections. Subsequently, almost the same published finds were re-introduced into scientific circulation, republished in various topographies of finds, somewhat supplemented by new discoveries of coins of the Western Roman Empire. It should also be noted that in most cases the descriptions of the finds contain sufficiently abbreviated and concise information, there are no descriptions of coins, an indication of their varieties, mostly the issuer is indicated, the denomination, less often – the legend is transmitted. It is an unfortunate fact that severely damaged coins are found, the identification of which becomes possible only approximately, and in the topographies of such messages processed by the authors a rather significant number. The most famous treasures and finds of coins, which have been published by a number of authors and mentioned in numerous popular science publications, are the treasure from the village of Laski, the dubious treasure of Roman coins from historical Obolon, the find in the Uspensky and Vydubichi Cathedrals – information about which compilations and all compiled archaeological maps of numismatists during the twentieth century – thus becoming a classic treasures. In modern Ukrainian the numismatics and scientists publishing the findings discovered during the official archaeological professional searches, as well as unauthorized amateur and accidental finds. At the present stage of studying this issue, it is necessary to compile a complete topographic map of the findings of Roman coins of IV-V centuries with their analysis to obtain conclusions on the distribution and existence of these coins in Ukraine. Finds of the Roman gold coins always attract a special and more attention, so there are several separate examples of similar finds in Ukraine, published by scientists. The finds of Roman gold medallions deserve special attention, because each of them is extremely rare. Information on individual numismatic finds in the process of official archaeological exploration with available coins of the Western Roman Empire was published by archaeologists. In ancient times, it was common to use coins as jewelry – giving them a «second life». In the outlined chronological period, the coin finds also differed in a significant number of silver and gold coins with available soldered ears – turned into pendants, neck ornaments. As the prospects of further research we see we see the introduction into scientific circulation and processing of new finds of Roman coins of this period in Ukraine to display the highest quality and complete topographic map.

The Subtle Body

How does the soul relate to the body? Through the ages many religions and intellectual movements have posed answers to this question. Many have gravitated to the notion of the subtle body, positing some kind of subtle entity that is neither soul nor body, but some mixture of the two. This book traces the history of this idea from the late Roman Empire to the present day, touching on how philosophers, wizards, scholars, occultists, psychologists, and mystics have engaged with the idea over the past two thousand years. The book begins in the late Roman Empire, moving chronologically through the Renaissance, the British project of colonial Indology, the development of theosophy and occultism in the nineteenth century, and the Euro-American counterculture of the 1960s and 1970s.

Introduction

The Introduction offers a survey of the primary non-Christian and Christian sources available for a reconstruction of the short reign of Jovian. The most important source obviously is Book 25 of Res Gestae of the pagan Ammianus Marcellinus. He presents a gloomy picture of the person and reign of Jovian in order to save the image of his hero and Jovian’s predecessor, Julian (the Apostate). From Edward Gibbon onward, modern scholarship has adopted this unfavorable image that presents Jovian’s reign as a meaningless period between the emperorship of Julian (361–363) and the rule of the Valentinians (364–378). However, Jovian’s rule was vital for the sustenance of imperial leadership after Julian’s disastrous Persian military campaign and religious policies, both of which caused considerable upheaval. Jovian’s reign was a return to the norms of the pre-Julianic period and brought back stability to the Roman empire. For an emperor who ruled such a short time, the Christian Jovian had an unexpected and surprising afterlife. The second part of the book discusses Jovian’s “Nachleben” in the so-called Syriac Julian Romance, a text of historical fiction that has rarely been studied and is largely unknown to historians of the late Roman period.

Phokaia Sahil Yolu Kırmızı Astarlı Seramikleri

Antik yerleşimlerin Roma Dönemi tabakalarında, kırmızı renkte kilden ve kırmızı renkte parlak astarlı, kalıpta ya da çarkta yapılmış, kabartmalı bezemeli ya da bezemesiz seramikler sıklıkla bulunmaktadır. İlk yapılan çalışmalarda Arezzo ya da Arretine Seramiği olarak anılmış, fakat sonraları diğer antik yerleşimlerde de sıklıkla bulunduğu saptanarak, ilerleyen çalışmalarda Terra Sigillata olarak isimlendirilmiştir. Günümüzde, Geç Roma Dönemi’nde üretilen kırmızı renkli seramikler için Kırmızı Astarlı terimi yaygınlaşmıştır. Son yıllarda ilerleyen çalışmalarla, Roma Dönemi’nin bu karakteristik seramikleri Anadolu’daki çok sayıda yerleşimde bulunmuş ve yayınlanmıştır. Antik Batı Anadolu’nun önemli Ion kentlerinden biri olan Phokaia, bu karakteristik seramik grubunun üretim merkezlerinden biridir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Phokaia Sahil Yolu kazısında bulunan Kırmızı Astarlı seramiklerini tipolojik ve kronolojik olarak incelemek ve kil analizlerini sunmaktır. Phokaia (günümüzde İzmir-Eski Foça), Batı Anadolu’nun önemli kıyı yerleşimlerinden biridir ve tarih boyunca seramik üretimi ile dikkat çekmektedir; 1989 yılından itibaren yapılan araştırma ve kazılardan gelen verilerle, kentin önemli bir seramik üretim merkezi olduğu kanıtlanmıştır. Kentin çeşitli alanlarında yapılan kazılarda Kırmızı Astarlı seramikleri ve fırınlarına ait kalıntılar saptanmıştır. Phokaia Kırmızı Astarlı Seramikleri (PRSW-Phocaean Red Slip Ware) üzerine ilk çalışma Waage tarafından yapılmış; 1960’lardaki araştırmalarda Langlotz tarafından Form 3 C tipi olarak anılmıştır. 1972’de Hayes tarafından LRC (Late Roman C / Geç Roma C) ve 1980’de Phocaea Kırmızı Astarlı grubu olarak isimlendirilmiştir. Phokaia Sahil Yolu’nda yapılan kazılarda çok fazla miktarda Kırmızı Astarlı seramikler bulunmuştur ve büyük olasılıkla bu alanın gerisindeki atölyelere ait olmaldırlar. Malzemeler, alandaki buluntu yerlerine göre yapılan gruplar dikkate alınarak çizilmiş ve fotoğraflanmıştır. Malzemelerin kil analizleri uzmanlar tarafından yapılmış ve sonuçları sunulmuştur.

Late Roman Iconography and Style

Discussions of late Roman style and iconography sometimes tend to emphasize the liminality of visual culture in late antiquity; monuments representative of the period such as the Arch of Constantine are neither fully “classical” nor “medieval” in their form and content; hence, the instinct to compare its style and iconography with that of the past or future monuments is hard to resist. The result of this lure to dichotomize is often a focus on what a late Roman work of art is not, rather than what it is (i.e., how an artwork or monument functions in its contemporary moment). This chapter therefore presents the wall paintings from the late third- to early fourth-century domus underneath the Church of Ss. Giovanni e Paolo on the Caelian Hill in Rome as a case study of a particular moment in late Roman visuality so as to better understand how engagements with iconography and style in the context of the late Roman home activate “modern” meanings and experiences.