UNKNOWN SEAL OF EMPEROR JUSTIN I (518-527) FROM SERDICA

The paper examines a seal of Emperor Justin I (518-527). It has the following description: Obverse: Beardless bust with a nimbus of Emperor Justin I, opposite, with a helmet and chlamys. Around the image an inscription in clockwise direction: N IVSТI NVSPPAVG = D(ominus) n(oster Justinus p(er)petus Aug(ustus) Reverse: Victoria standing across with a wreath in each hand, in the bottom left field a small So far there is not known bulla of this ruler from Bulgaria and because of that some questions arise when identifying the specimen from Serdica. The inscription on the newly discovered seal showed that the bulla belonged to Justin, but it is not clear if it is Justin I (518-527) or Justin II (565-578). The image on the obverse differs from the known images of Justin I and Justin II. It is smaller and occupies part of the nucleus, while in the published so far the size of the bullotirium is larger than the nucleus itself. The inscription of the copy from Serdica is clearly legible, but the letters and the image are small, which distinguishes this seal from the known so far. The difference is obvious also in the reverse, in which Victoria does not follow the model of the image from the molybdenums of Justinian I and Justin II, but her image is close to that of the seals of Anastasius I, and even could be said that it completely copies it. The characteristics of the seal, its inscription and images are different from the ones of the copies of Justin II, which is a serious reason to attribute it to the time of Emperor Justin I, which makes it currently unique of this type. Other evidence of life in Serdica from the time of Emperor Justin I (518 - 527) are the coins discovered. In Serdica the most numerous are the coins of 40 nummi, followed by those of 20 nummi, which are almost two times less than the large denomination. The number of the specimens of 10 and 5 nummi is equal, but is less than the number of the large denominations. As mints, the coins from Constantinople predominated, followed by coins from Nicomedia, Antioch and Cyzicus. Among the regular coins were found two imitations of folles of Justin I, which imitate the production of the mint of Constantinople from this period. These coins, found together with the official ones used in the Byzantine state, show that they were accepted by the financial authorities as a regular payment tool. Two gold coins of Justin I are discovered in Serdica I - a solidus found at the eastern fortress wall and a tremis from the excavations at the northeastern tower. The new seal of Emperor Justin I presented in the article and the coins discovered by this ruler in Serdica show the significant role of the city during this period.

LATE ROMAN COIN FINDS IN UKRAINE: HISTORY OF RESEARCH

Analyzing the published researches by previous researchers of new finds of coins of the different periods we were determining as one of the actual directions of research in the medieval numismatics in Ukraine. Examining the scientific achievements of the Ukrainian numismatists, we have determined a significant gap in the focus of research on the findings of coins of the Western Roman Empire and the territory of Ukraine, in particular, the sporadic conclusions are also published by researchers analyzing the existence of Roman coins in this period. The aim of the study. The main purpose of the article is to discover the historiography of the study of the findings of coins of the Western Roman Empire in the period of the IV – the beginning of the V cent. in Ukrainian historiography. Research methodology. In the process of scientific research of the topic the general scientific methods were used: analytical, chronological, and topographic, as well as special methods: critical, metrological and iconographic. The scientific novelty is that for the first time conclusions of scientific current development of the topography of finds of late Roman coins on the territory of Ukraine were introduced into scientific circulation, some observations on the introduction of these finds into scientific circulation were given. The Conclusions. Most of the finds introduced by numismatists into scientific circulation belong to those found in the nineteenth century, about only part of which are preserved information about their transfer to museum collections. Subsequently, almost the same published finds were re-introduced into scientific circulation, republished in various topographies of finds, somewhat supplemented by new discoveries of coins of the Western Roman Empire. It should also be noted that in most cases the descriptions of the finds contain sufficiently abbreviated and concise information, there are no descriptions of coins, an indication of their varieties, mostly the issuer is indicated, the denomination, less often – the legend is transmitted. It is an unfortunate fact that severely damaged coins are found, the identification of which becomes possible only approximately, and in the topographies of such messages processed by the authors a rather significant number. The most famous treasures and finds of coins, which have been published by a number of authors and mentioned in numerous popular science publications, are the treasure from the village of Laski, the dubious treasure of Roman coins from historical Obolon, the find in the Uspensky and Vydubichi Cathedrals – information about which compilations and all compiled archaeological maps of numismatists during the twentieth century – thus becoming a classic treasures. In modern Ukrainian the numismatics and scientists publishing the findings discovered during the official archaeological professional searches, as well as unauthorized amateur and accidental finds. At the present stage of studying this issue, it is necessary to compile a complete topographic map of the findings of Roman coins of IV-V centuries with their analysis to obtain conclusions on the distribution and existence of these coins in Ukraine. Finds of the Roman gold coins always attract a special and more attention, so there are several separate examples of similar finds in Ukraine, published by scientists. The finds of Roman gold medallions deserve special attention, because each of them is extremely rare. Information on individual numismatic finds in the process of official archaeological exploration with available coins of the Western Roman Empire was published by archaeologists. In ancient times, it was common to use coins as jewelry – giving them a «second life». In the outlined chronological period, the coin finds also differed in a significant number of silver and gold coins with available soldered ears – turned into pendants, neck ornaments. As the prospects of further research we see we see the introduction into scientific circulation and processing of new finds of Roman coins of this period in Ukraine to display the highest quality and complete topographic map.

Kara śmierci za przestępstwa dewizowe w totalitarnym systemie komunistycznej Polski Ludowej

The subject of the article is the penalisation of foreign exchange crimes in the Act of October 28, 1950 on the prohibition of possessing foreign currencies, gold coins, gold, and platinum, as well as the tightening of penalties for certain foreign exchange offenses. In this act, illegal foreign exchange trading was threatened with the most severe penalties, including the death penalty. The article contains a historical outline of liability for foreign exchange crime, from the legal regulations in the Second Polish Republic to the Fiscal Penal Code in force. The author pays special attention to the Act of 1950, which is a symbol of criminal law during the period of Stalinist repressions in Polish People’s Republic. The author introduces the atmosphere of those years, related to the currency reform and radical tightening of criminal liability for foreign exchange offenses, in particular for the illegal trade in foreign currencies. The article indicates the axiological foundations of applying penal repression in the economic area of the state, typical for the totalitarian system of the communist Polish People’s Republic.

STUDY OF THE HOARD OF SILVER COINS NEAR HORODNYTSIA VILLAGE

Minting own coin is one of the attributes of state formation. The first coins of the Old Rus are represented by gold and silver specimens dating from the late tenth — early eleventh century. Gold coins are very rare, the silver ones are presented much more. Most modern researchers believe that the production of silver coins was started by Volodymyr Sviatoslavych and ended under Yaroslav Volodymyrovych after the beginning of his reign in Kyiv. In 2020 the third known hoard of silver coins was discovered near Gorodnytsia village, Novohrad-Volynskyi district, Zhytomyr region. It was found accidently by local resident S. M. Komar who in the next day after discovery handed it over to the authorities which was recorded in the relevant documents. The expedition of the Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine conducted archaeological research at the hoard location. The place where the silver coins have been occurred was recorded. Several more coins were found in the pit where the hoard was and nearby. Surrounding area was examined. Near the hoard the presence of land- and waterways, which functioned in the medieval period, was recorded. Near the river Sluch there are convenient places for crossing. During the exploration of the area adjacent to the hoard in order to study the archaeological context the settlement was discovered. The artifacts found on it date it to the 9th—13th and 16th—18th centuries. Powerful fortifications in the form of moats, ramparts and escarpments have been preserved. Probably, the formation of the silver hoard is connected with the ancient roads along the Sluch River and the Old Rus settlement on the site of the modern settlement of Gorodnytsia. In total 38 silver coins were in the hoard. 31 of them belonged to the minting of Volodymyr Sviatoslavych, and 7 to Sviatopolk Yaropolkovych. Vladimir’s coins are presented in three types — II (6 copies), III (16 copies) and IV (9 copies). Sviatopolk’s coins represent all three of his existing numismatic types — I (4 copies), II (2 copies) and III (1 copy). 10 silver coins of Volodymyr and 1 of Svyatopolk are represented by previously unknown stamp pairs. 2 coins of Vladimir, which have an unknown combination of stamps, are of particular scientific interest.

Treasures of the Elite of the Bulgharian Ulus of the Gol­den Horde

Research objectives: To analyze the materials of the most famous hoards of the Golden Horde era found on the territory of the Bulgharian ulus on the basis of a comprehensive analysis. To identify the coincidence of jewelry that they contained. To determine the similarities and differences with other finds from this territory, as well as to identify the possible place of their manufacture and their connection with archaeological sites. Research materials: Preserved jewelry from the Karasham and Juketau hoards. The former was found in 1950 near the village of Karasham in the Zelenodolsk district of the Republic of Tatarstan. The latter was found in 1924 on the outskirts of the city of Chistopol in the Chistopol district of Tatarstan, next to the medieval settlement – the remnants of the Bulgharian city of Juketau which existed from the tenth to early fifteenth centuries. In addition to jewelry, both hoards contained silver and gold coins which made it possible to determine the time when these hoards were buried. The hoard near the village of Karasham was deposited at the beginning of the fifteenth century. The Juketau hoard was deposited in the 1350–70s. Both hoards are not fully preserved. The author carefully studied jewelry from the hoards that are now stored in the National Museum of the Republic of Tatarstan, as well as in the State Hermitage. Items from other hoards of this time found in the territory of Tatarstan, as well as published materials from private collections, are also involved in the study. Results and novelty of the research: The author investigated, for the first time ever, the surviving part of the Karasham hoard, including jewelry that was not considered in the studies of other scholars. A comparative analysis of the jewelry was carried out. To find out the distribution of such jewelry, a search was made for analogies and similar jewelry that was found in other hoards as well as among the archaeological materials from settlements of the Golden Horde era. It was found that the most significant part of the Karasham hoard’s jewelry was made in the jewelry workshops of the city of Bolghar, and partly by the jewelers from other craft centers in the Golden Horde. It should be noted that jewelry was made in both gold and silver in Bolghar. The most popular products were bracelets with images of the lion’s muzzle on the ends of objects, as well as bracelets with stylized images made using niello. Such bracelets were found both in the hoard from Karasham and from Juketau. The existence of jewelry workshops in Bolghar is also confirmed by archaeological excavations. In the second half of twentieth and at the beginning of the twenty-first centuries, archaeologists found several jewelry workshops in the central part of the city dated to the fourteenth century. Crucibles, jewelry tools, and more than hundred foundry molds were discovered here. The author assumes that a famous jeweler from Bolghar named Shagidulla worked here at the beginning of fourteenth century. It was also found that the hoard from Karasham was most likely collected by several generations of the same family. In contrast, the hoard from Juketau was a personal treasure.

Arthur pendragon Camelot evolution in merlin: A virtual fan art in the computation age

This paper inspects Arthur Pendragon Camelot evolution in Merlin, the research review on the Citadel of Camelot, Camelot Administration, Knights of Camelot, Early History of Camelot, The Intensification of The Once and Future King, Map of Camelot, and the Sovereignty of Arthur. Camelot Castle is the castle where the royal family live, and where the court is held. The citadel houses a garrison of at least 12,000 men and had never fallen in a siege before Morgause's invasion by her immortal army. It is currently the home of Guinevere Pendragon, the Queen of Camelot after her husband King Arthur Pendragon. In virtual fan art, Arthur Pendragon is shown to be a very wealthy kingdom as it offers a prize of a thousand gold coins for participation in its tournaments. Camelot is widely known for its laws banning all forms of magic and enchantments on penalty of death, usually by burning or beheading. However, the meter theater illustrates of Merlin who is Arthur's servant, secret protector, and best friend, and Gaius's ward and apprentice. Serves as an unofficial member of Arthur's Round Table and is a direct enemy of Mordred and Morgana. Waiting for Arthur to rise again. He is destined to protect Arthur so he can unite Albion under one high King.

From Gold Coins to Cryptocurrencies: A History of Money In 10 Minutes

The BCS Financial Services Specialist Group compresses over 2,000 years of history and explains how we moved from using gold coins to being on the brink of governments issuing their own central bank digital currencies.

Regulated Roman Coins and Their Imitations from India: Did Roman Coins Circulate as Money in the Subcontinent?

This paper focuses on a relatively unknown group of published and unpublished Roman gold coins and their imitations from India with a large gold plug placed behind the head of an emperor. This phenomenon was briefly discussed by Peter Berghaus, who rightly noticed that the size of the filling on those coins suggests that the purpose for placing such material into the hole was different than simply the repair of a piercing made previously for a piece of jewellery. He considers the possibility that the holes were made in order to check whether those coins were plated or not and were later refilled with gold so that the coins could return to the money market. I would like to present a different explanation of this phenomenon. I would argue that those coins were perforated and plugged in order to adjust their weight. Such an adjustment let them be used as money in the Subcontinent. Similar phenomena from various parts of the world and time periods constitute the key to understand the purpose of plugging those coins and those analogies are examined in this paper as well.