Longitudinal monitoring of individual infection progression in Drosophila melanogaster

The innate immune system is critical for host survival of infection. Infection models in organisms like Drosophila melanogaster are key for understanding evolution and dynamics of innate immunity. However, current toolsets for fly infection studies are limited in their ability to resolve changes in pathogen load on the hours time-scale, along with stochastic responses to infection in individuals. Here we report a novel bioluminescent imaging strategy enabling non-invasive characterization of pathogen load over time. We demonstrate that photon flux from autobioluminescent reporter bacteria can be used to estimate pathogen count. Escherichia coli expressing the ilux operon were imaged in whole, living flies at relevant concentrations for immune study. Because animal sacrifice was not necessary to estimate pathogen load, stochastic responses to infection were characterized in individuals for the first time. The high temporal resolution of bioluminescence imaging also enabled visualization of the fine dynamics of microbial clearance on the hours time-scale. Overall, this non-invasive imaging strategy provides a simple and scalable platform to observe changes in pathogen load in vivo over time.

Stochastic Bifurcation in Generalized Chua’s Circuit Driven by Skew-Normal Distributed Noise

In this study, the stochastic phenomenological bifurcations (P-bifurcations) of generalized Chua’s circuit (GCC) driven by skew-normal distributed noise have been investigated by numerically obtaining the stationary distributions of the stochastic responses. The noise intensity and/or skewness parameters of skew-normal distributed noise have been chosen as the bifurcation parameters to change the structure of the stochastic attractor. While the number of breakpoints in the piecewise-linear characteristics of the GCC are fixed, it has been observed that the number of scrolls have been changed by tuning the noise intensity and the skewness parameter of the skew-normal distributed noise.