Phase Equilibrium and Synthesis in Ionic Melts of the System Na2WO4-K2WO4-Pb2WO4

Interest in a comprehensive study of lead tungstate single crystals is due to its scintillation properties [1-5]. It was found that lead tungstate occupies an exceptional position in the family of tungstates with a scheelite structure. Lead tungstate single crystal is a scintillation material [1] used in the LHC electromagnetic calorimeter and photon detector in the ALICE experiment at CERN [1, 2]. Now it can be said unequivocally that lead tungstate is the most promising scintillation material in the next decade.

MONTE CARLO SIMULATIONS OF ENERGY RESOLUTION OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC CALORIMETER PROTOTYPE FOR ELECTRON–ION COLLIDER

In this article, we present energy resolution studies of an electromagnetic calorimeter prototype for Electron–Ion Collider. The results of energy resolution for various configurations of lead tungstate crystals were obtained based on the Geant4 simulation package. The energy resolution was studied as a function of the polar angle of incident electrons in a momentum range of 1 to 10 GeV.

Optimizing the performance of the CMS Electromagnetic Calorimeter to measure Higgs properties during Phase I and Phase II of the LHC

The CMS Electromagnetic Calorimeter (ECAL), is a high granularity lead tungstate (PbWO4) crystal calorimeter operating at the CERN LHC. The ECAL performance has been crucial in the discovery and subsequent characterization of the Higgs boson. The original ECAL design considerations, and the improvements to the energy reconstruction and energy calibration algorithms to cope with the LHC Run II are described. For the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) upgrades to ECAL are necessary. The crystals in the barrel region will be retained, defining the HL-LHC CMS barrel electromagnetic calorimeter ECAL. The readout electronics will be upgraded and operating at lower temperatures, to maintain the required performance of ECAL from 2027 onwards. The new readout electronics, the timing resolution and the electron and photon reconstruction efficiencies and energy resolution expected for HL-LHC are presented. The performance relevant to a number of key Higgs decay channels is reported.

First-principles study on optical spectra for the oxygen vacancy in lead tungstate crystal

Based on the first-principles, we simulated the spectral properties of PbWO4 (PWO) crystals with an oxygen vacancy. As density functional theory (DFT) underestimates the band gap, the band edge is modified by Heyd-Scuseria-Ernzerhof (HSE). Moreover, artificial interactions of the charged defect of oxygen vacancies with three different charges have been corrected by finite-size correction scheme (FNV). Finally, the optical properties are obtained containing electron–phonon coupling. The calculated absorption band peaks of the F and F[Formula: see text] centers at 1.7[Formula: see text]eV and 2.47[Formula: see text]eV agree well with the experimental value, respectively.