Global diffusion of three road safety policies, 1964–2015

Global convergence of public policies has been regarded as a defining feature of the late twentieth century. This study explores the generalizability of this thesis for three road safety measures: (i) road safety agencies; (ii) child restraint laws; and (iii) mandatory use of daytime running lights. This study analyzes cross-national longitudinal data using survival analysis for the years 1964–2015 in 181 countries. The first main finding is that only child restraint laws have globally converged; in contrast, the other two policies exhibit a fractured global convergence process, likely as the result of competing international and national forces. This finding may reflect the lack of necessary conditions, at the regional and national levels, required to accelerate the spread of policies globally, adding further nuance to the global convergence thesis. A second finding is that mechanisms of policy adoption, such as imitation/learning and competition, rather than coercion, explain more consistently global and regional convergence outcomes in the road safety realm. This finding reinforces the idea of specific elective affinities, when explaining why the diffusion of policies may or not result in convergence. Lastly, by recognizing fractured convergence processes, these results call for revisiting the global convergence thesis and reintegrating more consistently regional analyses into policy diffusion and convergence studies.

Examining Diffusion and Convergence Processes of Three Road Safety Policies, 1964-2015

Global convergence of public policies has been regarded as a defining feature of the late twentieth century. This study explores the generalizability of this thesis for three road safety measures: i) road safety agencies; ii) child restraint laws; and iii) mandatory use of daytime running lights. We analyze cross-national longitudinal data using survival analysis for the years 1964-2015 in 181 countries. Our first main finding is that only child restraint laws have globally converged; in contrast, the other two policies exhibit a fractured global convergence process, likely as the result of competing international and national forces. This finding may reflect the lack of necessary conditions, at the regional and national levels, required to accelerate the spread of policies globally, adding further nuance to the global convergence thesis. A second finding is that mechanisms of policy adoption, such as imitation/learning and competition, rather than coercion, explain more consistently global and regional convergence outcomes in the road safety realm. This finding reinforces the idea of specific elective affinities, when explaining why the diffusion of policies may or not result in convergence. Lastly, by recognizing fractured convergence processes, our results call for revisiting the global convergence thesis and reintegrating more consistently regional analyses into policy diffusion and convergence studies.

Efektifitas Undang - Undang No. 22 Tahun 2009 Tentang Lalu Lintas dan Angkutan Jalan Dalam Menyalakan Lampu di Siang Hari (Studi di Selong Kabupaten Lombok Timur)

Peraturan untuk menyalakan lampu utama sepeda motor di siang hari ditetapkan untuk menjaga keselamatan para pengguna jalan raya. Sebenarnya aturan menyalakan lampu di siang hari atau light on ini sudah dikenalkan lebih dari satu tahun, untuk menyalakan lampu pada siang hari, namun hingga saat ini tingkat kesadaran masyarakat terhadap program light on atau menyalakan lampu pada siang hari yang bertujuan untuk mengurangi angka kecelakaan lalu lintas, sepertinya masih lemah. Hal tersebut terlihat di beberapa titik ruas jalan serta perempatan lalu lintas di daerah Selong Kabupaten Lombok Timur, banyak pengendara yang belum mematuhi kewajiban menyalakan lampu pada siang hari. Berdasarkan uraian dalam latar belakang di atas maka penyusun merumuskan permasalahan sebagai berikut :1.Bagaimana pengaturan Undang – Undang No. 22 Tahun 2009 tentang Lalu Lintas dan Angkutan Jalan dalam menyalakan lampu di siang hari?2.Bagaimanakah efektifitas penerapan light on di Selong Kabupaten Lombok Timur ?.Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum empiris. metode pendekatan yang digunakan adalah : Pendekatan perundang - undangan, Pendekatan Konseptual, Pendekatan sosiologis. Undang–Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2009 tentang Lalu lintas dan Angkutan Jalan 1. Terdiri dari 22 BAB dan 326 Pasal.Baru dijabarkan dengan 4 Peraturan Pemerintah (PP) dari yang seharusnya 25 PP antara lain:1) PP Nomor 32 Tahun 2011, tentang Manajemen dan Rekayasa, Analisis Dampak serta Manajemen Kebutuhan lalu lintas.2) PP Nomor 37 Tahun 2011, tentang Forum Lalu Lintas dan Angutan Jalan.3) PP Nomor 80 Tahun 2012, tentang Tata Cara Pemeriksaan Kendaraan Bermotor di Jalan.4) PP Nomor 55. Tahun 2012, tentang Kendaraan. Kepolisian Resort Lombok Timur khususnya Satuan Lalu Lintas telah melakukan berbagai upaya untuk memperkenalkan Undang-Undang Lalu Lintas Nomor 22 tahun 2009 tentang Lalu Lintas dan Angkutan Jalan khususnya dalam penerapan light on. Kesimpulan, Dasar hukum light on atau DRL (Daytime Running Lights) adalah Pasal 107 dan sanksinya pada Pasal 293 Undang-undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2009 Tentang Lalu Lintas dan Angkutan Jalan, yang disahkan pada tanggal 22 juni 2009. Undang-undang ini tidak berjalan semestinya di Selong Kabupaten Lombok Timur, karena penerapan sanksi yang seharusnya tercantum pada Pasal 293 Undang-undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2009 belum diberlakukan secara merata dan efektif, Untuk penerapan Light on di Selong Kabupaten Lombok Timur SATLANTAS Polres Lombok Timur telah melakukan berbagai macam cara untuk mensosialisasikan Undang-undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2009 Tentang Lalu lintas dan Angkutan Jalan, khususnya dalam mensosialisasikan light on. Namun sampai saat ini respon masyarakat sangat kurang terhadap program POLRI. Oleh karena itu, sampai saat ini program light on masih berupa himbauan dan belum ada sanksi tegas terhadap pengendara yang belum melaksanakannya. Belum ada kesadaran dari masyarakat untuk mematuhi program light on ini.Kata Kunci: efektifitas, lalu lintas, angkutan jalan

The effects of using passing beams during the day in real traffic conditions

This paper presents a study on the implications for road safety of the use of passing beams during the day. The genesis of the problem and conditions that have led to the use of passing beams by vehicles during the day is presented first. Then, the photometric requirements for passing beams are evaluated in terms of their signal role, comparing them with the requirements for daytime running lights. The main part of this paper presents a report on field tests carried out under real road conditions. The tests were done in order to measure the impact of using passing beams by day on the distance at which the oncoming vehicle could be detected. Also, the correctness of the estimation of relative positions of oncoming vehicles at the same or different distances was examined with different combinations of passing beams on or off in the tested vehicles. The research confirms the effectiveness of using passing beams during the day and the need to harmonize the obligation to use passing beams.

Assessment of blue light retinal hazard of lamps and lights used in automotive

The article contains results of the research on the assessment of the blue light retinal hazard by lighting devices used in the automotive with LED light sources. The study was subject to daytime running lights and work lamps available on the market for self-assembly in vehicles. The study method was presented using a matrix luminance meter and spectroradiometer. The necessary photometric and radiometric tests were carried out. Assessment of blue light hazard according to the PN-EN 62471: 2010 was made. Obtained results were referred to maximum luminous intensity, chromaticity coordinates and correlated colour temperature of tested devices.