scholarly journals Global diffusion of three road safety policies, 1964–2015

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
José Ignacio Nazif-Munoz ◽  
Amélie Quesnel-Vallée ◽  
Axel van den Berg
Keyword(s):  
Global Convergence ◽  
Road Safety ◽  
The Road ◽  
Convergence Process ◽  
Elective Affinities ◽  
Child Restraint ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Daytime Running Lights ◽  
Regional Analyses ◽  
Mandatory Use

AbstractGlobal convergence of public policies has been regarded as a defining feature of the late twentieth century. This study explores the generalizability of this thesis for three road safety measures: (i) road safety agencies; (ii) child restraint laws; and (iii) mandatory use of daytime running lights. This study analyzes cross-national longitudinal data using survival analysis for the years 1964–2015 in 181 countries. The first main finding is that only child restraint laws have globally converged; in contrast, the other two policies exhibit a fractured global convergence process, likely as the result of competing international and national forces. This finding may reflect the lack of necessary conditions, at the regional and national levels, required to accelerate the spread of policies globally, adding further nuance to the global convergence thesis. A second finding is that mechanisms of policy adoption, such as imitation/learning and competition, rather than coercion, explain more consistently global and regional convergence outcomes in the road safety realm. This finding reinforces the idea of specific elective affinities, when explaining why the diffusion of policies may or not result in convergence. Lastly, by recognizing fractured convergence processes, these results call for revisiting the global convergence thesis and reintegrating more consistently regional analyses into policy diffusion and convergence studies.

scholarly journals Examining Diffusion and Convergence Processes of Three Road Safety Policies, 1964-2015

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Nazif-Munoz ◽  
Axel van den Berg ◽  
Amélie Quesnel-Vallée
Keyword(s):  
Global Convergence ◽  
Road Safety ◽  
The Road ◽  
Convergence Process ◽  
Elective Affinities ◽  
Child Restraint ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Daytime Running Lights ◽  
Regional Analyses ◽  
Mandatory Use

Abstract Global convergence of public policies has been regarded as a defining feature of the late twentieth century. This study explores the generalizability of this thesis for three road safety measures: i) road safety agencies; ii) child restraint laws; and iii) mandatory use of daytime running lights. We analyze cross-national longitudinal data using survival analysis for the years 1964-2015 in 181 countries. Our first main finding is that only child restraint laws have globally converged; in contrast, the other two policies exhibit a fractured global convergence process, likely as the result of competing international and national forces. This finding may reflect the lack of necessary conditions, at the regional and national levels, required to accelerate the spread of policies globally, adding further nuance to the global convergence thesis. A second finding is that mechanisms of policy adoption, such as imitation/learning and competition, rather than coercion, explain more consistently global and regional convergence outcomes in the road safety realm. This finding reinforces the idea of specific elective affinities, when explaining why the diffusion of policies may or not result in convergence. Lastly, by recognizing fractured convergence processes, our results call for revisiting the global convergence thesis and reintegrating more consistently regional analyses into policy diffusion and convergence studies.

scholarly journals Malaysian Child Restraint Issues: A Brief Narrative Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 1922
Author(s):  
Roszalina Ramli ◽  
Siti Salmiah Mohd Yunus
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Road Safety ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Injury Severity ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Restraint System ◽  
The Road ◽  
Car Crash ◽  
Child Restraint ◽  
Child Restraint System

The child restraint legislation in Malaysia becomes mandatory from 1 January 2020. Prior to commencement of the rule, a survey showed that only 36% of Malaysian parents were aware of the importance of a child restraint system (CRS) and only 27% usage was reported during travel. The Malaysian Institute of Road Safety report showed that children transported in private vehicles were the leading groups of casualties among children aged 1 to 4 years old (43.8%) and 5 to 9 years old (30.2%), respectively. We performed a narrative review using the PubMed, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar databases using keywords such as child restraint system, unrestrained injuries, Malaysia and epidemiology. The objectives of this review were: (1) to determine the prevalence on the use of CRS in Malaysia, (2) to evaluate the injuries related to unrestrained children and (3) to show the nation’s preparation towards implementation of the child restraint law. Six papers on prevalence, one paper on injury and six mainstream newspaper were included in this study. The prevalence of a CRS use was shown between 5% to 41.8%. In relation to injury, the only publication from this country showed that among 19 children involved in a car crash, five (26.3%) children had non-craniomaxillofacial (CMF) injuries, ten (52.6%) with CMF injuries only, two (10.5%) with both CMF and non-CMF injuries and two (10.5%) without any injury. Overall, the Injury Severity Score (ISS) range was between 0 to 13 (median, 1.00; interquartile range, 1). Preparation to comply with the best practice of the child restraint law is still ongoing, especially those addressing the issues related to the low-income parents in the country. Due to scarcity of publication and data on the CRS use and injuries related to its non-usage, it is advocated that parallel with the implementation legislation, vigorous forms of public education as well as good data management must be performed and monitored regularly by the road safety authority in this country.

scholarly journals The Evaluation of Experimental Variables for Sustainable Virtual Road Safety Audits

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 5899
Author(s):  
Yeonsoo Jun ◽  
Juneyoung Park ◽  
Chunho Yeom
Keyword(s):  
Road Safety ◽  
Traffic Light ◽  
Scenario Development ◽  
Driving Simulators ◽  
Traffic Condition ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Pavement ◽  
Net Promoter ◽  
Road Safety Audits ◽  
Road Marking

This paper evaluates experimental variables for virtual road safety audits (VRSAs) through practical experiments to promote sustainable road safety. VRSAs perform road safety audits using driving simulators (DSs), and all objects in the road environment cannot be experimental variables because of realistic constraints. Therefore, the study evaluates the likelihood of recommendation of VRSA experimental variables by comparing DSs experiments and field reviews to secure sustainable road safety conditions. The net promoter score results evaluated “Tunnel”, “Bridge”, “Underpass”, “Footbridge”, “Traffic island”, “Sign”, “Lane”, “Road marking”, “Traffic light”, “Median barrier”, “Road furniture”, and “Traffic condition” as recommended variables. On the contrary, the “Road pavement”, “Drainage”, “Lighting”, “Vehicle”, “Pedestrian”, “Bicycle”, “Accident”, and “Hazard event” variables were not recommended. The study can be used for decision making in VRSA scenario development as an initial effort to evaluate its experimental variables.

scholarly journals Development of Driving Simulation Scenarios Based on Building Information Modeling (BIM) for Road Safety Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 2039
Author(s):  
Juan F. Dols ◽  
Jaime Molina ◽  
F. Javier Camacho-Torregrosa ◽  
David Llopis-Castelló ◽  
Alfredo García
Keyword(s):  
Road Safety ◽  
Data Exchange ◽  
Building Information Modeling ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Safety Analysis ◽  
Information Modeling ◽  
Driving Simulators ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Design ◽  
Building Information

The analysis of road safety is critical in road design. Complying to guidelines is not enough to ensure the highest safety levels, so many of them encourage designers to virtually recreate and test their roads, benefitting from the evolution of driving simulators in recent years. However, an accurate recreation of the road and its environment represents a real bottleneck in the process. A very important limitation lies in the diversity of input data, from different sources and requiring specific adaptations for every single simulator. This paper aims at showing a framework for recreating faster virtual scenarios by using an Industry Foundation Classes (IFC)-based file. This methodology was compared to two other conventional methods for developing driving scenarios. The main outcome of this study has demonstrated that with a data exchange file in IFC format, virtual scenarios can be faster designed to carry out safety audits with driving simulators. As a result, the editing, programming, and processing times were substantially reduced using the proposed IFC exchange file format through a BIM (Building Information Modeling) model. This methodology facilitates cost-savings, execution, and optimization resources in road safety analysis.

scholarly journals 3C.006 Enabling journalists to contribute to the road safety system: experience from Nepal

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Puspa Raj Pant ◽  
Sudhamshu Dahal ◽  
Kannan Krishnaswamy ◽  
Sunil Kumar Joshi ◽  
Julie Mytton
Keyword(s):  
Road Safety ◽  
Safety System ◽  
The Road

scholarly journals An Adaptive Game-Based Learning Strategy for Children Road Safety Education and Practice in Virtual Space

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 3661
Author(s):  
Noman Khan ◽  
Khan Muhammad ◽  
Tanveer Hussain ◽  
Mansoor Nasir ◽  
Muhammad Munsif ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Road Safety ◽  
Learning Strategy ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Safety Training ◽  
Virtual Space ◽  
Safety Education ◽  
Average Output ◽  
Training Environment ◽  
The Road

Virtual reality (VR) has been widely used as a tool to assist people by letting them learn and simulate situations that are too dangerous and risky to practice in real life, and one of these is road safety training for children. Traditional video- and presentation-based road safety training has average output results as it lacks physical practice and the involvement of children during training, without any practical testing examination to check the learned abilities of a child before their exposure to real-world environments. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a 3D realistic open-ended VR and Kinect sensor-based training setup using the Unity game engine, wherein children are educated and involved in road safety exercises. The proposed system applies the concepts of VR in a game-like setting to let the children learn about traffic rules and practice them in their homes without any risk of being exposed to the outside environment. Thus, with our interactive and immersive training environment, we aim to minimize road accidents involving children and contribute to the generic domain of healthcare. Furthermore, the proposed framework evaluates the overall performance of the students in a virtual environment (VE) to develop their road-awareness skills. To ensure safety, the proposed system has an extra examination layer for children’s abilities evaluation, whereby a child is considered fit for real-world practice in cases where they fulfil certain criteria by achieving set scores. To show the robustness and stability of the proposed system, we conduct four types of subjective activities by involving a group of ten students with average grades in their classes. The experimental results show the positive effect of the proposed system in improving the road crossing behavior of the children.

Road Safety at Ghats using IoT

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (VII) ◽  
pp. 132-136
Author(s):  
Alaparthi Maneesha
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Road Safety ◽  
Led Light ◽  
The Road ◽  
The World

This paper describes how to overcome accidents at Ghat roads. In the developing countries accident is the major cause of death. If we look at the top 10 dangerous roads in the world we can see that all of them are mountain roads and curve roads. In the mountain roads there will be tight curves and the roads will be narrow. In these kinds of situations the driver of a vehicle cannot see vehicles coming from opposite side. Thousands of people lose their lives each year because of this problem. The solution to this problem is developing the Aurdino based project to provide safe and secure journey while travelling to the Ghat roads, Hill Stations, etc. It is provided by alerting the driver about the vehicle coming from opposite side. This is done by keeping a sensor in one side of the road before the curve and keeping a LED light after the curve, so that if vehicle comes from one end of the curve sensor senses and LED light glows at the opposite side. By looking at the LED light on/off criteria driver can become alert and can slow down the speed of the vehicle.

CERTAIN SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF EDUCATION AND PROPAGANDA SAFE BEHAVIOR ON THE ROAD

2021 ◽  
pp. 107-110
Author(s):  
О.О. Марокко
Keyword(s):  
Road Safety ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Psychological Aspects ◽  
Life Support System ◽  
Entire Life ◽  
The Road ◽  
The Subject ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Social Advertising ◽  
The Relationship

В статье рассматриваются некоторые социально-психологические аспекты повышения эффективности социальной рекламы в области безопасности дорожного движения. Автором отмечено, что для достижения цели субъект пропаганды дол- жен осознать взаимосвязь между его индивидуальным поведением на дороге и надежностью всей системы жизнеобеспечения. The article discuses some of the socio-psychological aspects of increasing of social advertising in the field of road safety. The author notes that in order to achieve the goal, the subject of propaganda must aware of the relationship between his individual behavior on the road and the reliability of the entire life support system.

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