Disseminated Toxoplasma gondii Infection in an Adult Osprey (Pandion haliaetus)

An adult female osprey (Pandion haliaetus) was found weak and unable to fly in Auburn, Alabama in August 2019. The bird was captured and submitted to the Southeastern Raptor Center of the Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine for evaluation. On presentation, the bird was thin with a body condition score of approximately 1.5 out of 5. The bird died during the examination and was submitted for necropsy. At the necropsy, there was a severe loss of muscle mass over the body, and the keel was prominent. The liver and spleen were moderately enlarged with pale tan to red foci randomly scattered throughout the parenchyma. A histopathologic observation revealed multifocal to coalescing areas of necrosis and hemorrhage with intralesional protozoans in the liver, spleen, lungs, kidney, sciatic nerve, esophagus, cerebrum, heart, and proventriculus. Immunohistochemistry using anti-Toxoplasma gondii-specific antibodies showed a strong positive labeling of the parasite. Semi-nested PCR, specific for the B1 gene of T. gondii, successfully identified T. gondii. This is the first confirmed case of T. gondii infection in an osprey.

Mitogenomes of Accipitriformes and Cathartiformes Were Subjected to Ancestral and Recent Duplications Followed by Gradual Degeneration

The rearrangement of 37 genes with one control region, firstly identified in Gallus gallus mitogenome, is believed to be ancestral for all Aves. However, mitogenomic sequences obtained in recent years revealed that many avian mitogenomes contain duplicated regions that were omitted in previous genomic versions. Their evolution and mechanism of duplication are still poorly understood. The order of Accipitriformes is especially interesting in this context because its representatives contain a duplicated control region in various stages of degeneration. Therefore, we applied an appropriate PCR strategy to look for duplications within the mitogenomes of the early diverged species Sagittarius serpentarius and Cathartiformes, which is a sister order to Accipitriformes. The analyses revealed the same duplicated gene order in all examined taxa and the common ancestor of these groups. The duplicated regions were subjected to gradual degeneration and homogenization during concerted evolution. The latter process occurred recently in the species of Cathartiformes as well as in the early diverged lineages of Accipitriformes, that is, Sagittarius serpentarius and Pandion haliaetus. However, in other lineages, that is, Pernis ptilorhynchus, as well as representatives of Aegypiinae, Aquilinae, and five related subfamilies of Accipitriformes (Accipitrinae, Circinae, Buteoninae, Haliaeetinae, and Milvinae), the duplications were evolving independently for at least 14–47 Myr. Different portions of control regions in Cathartiformes showed conflicting phylogenetic signals indicating that some sections of these regions were homogenized at a frequency higher than the rate of speciation, whereas others have still evolved separately.

Ecological and Genetic Monitoring of a Recently Established Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) Population in Wales

ABSTRACT The Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) experienced severe declines in Europe over the past centuries, including extirpations from large parts of its range. After Ospreys began naturally recolonizing Wales, United Kingdom (UK), in 2004, the Dyfi Osprey Project initiated an extensive ecological (ringing, satellite tracking, and nest video recordings) and genetic (microsatellite genotyping) monitoring program alongside artificial nest platform construction. From 2004 to 2019 there were 40 reproductive events (i.e., eggs laid in a nest) across six nests, resulting in a total of 95 fledglings and a yearly average of 2.35 ± 0.8 (SD) fledglings per nest-with-eggs. Video recording at one nest documented high hatching success and survival to the fledging and dispersal phases, as well as mate- and nest-fidelity across multiple years. Collectively these breeding parameters suggest high productivity associated with artificial nest structures and limited density-dependent effects for the Welsh population due to its small size and low density at this stage of recovery. Satellite tracking of four migrating individuals revealed that Ospreys used a western European migratory flyway and wintered in sub-Saharan western Africa. Genetic analysis of nestlings from five nests indicated single paternity in all cases, in agreement with evidence of social monogamy. Genetic analysis of geographical outgroups (Scottish, Swedish, and Latvian) provided preliminary evidence of cryptic population structure among UK (Welsh and Scottish) populations. The novel combination of loci show Welsh Osprey retain high levels of variation and more broadly direct reconsideration of the hitherto inferred genetic poverty of the species compared to other raptors. We recommend implementation of similar long-term ecological and genetic monitoring programs for other populations.

Aves vulnerables a colisionar contra torres eólicas en Rivas, Nicaragua, antes de su construcción

Se aplicó un Índice de Vulnerabilidad de Aves (IVA) y Mapa de Vulnerabilidad Potencial (MVP) para determinar cuáles son las especies de aves más susceptibles a colisionar con torres eólicas y los sitios con mayor riesgo, en una central eólica al sur de la ciudad de Rivas. Se colocaron transectos en dos zonas donde se colocarían las torres: Pastizales sin ‘Árboles y Pastizales con Árboles. También se realizaron transectos en hábitats adyacentes como Costa del lago de Nicaragua y Bosque Ripario. El IVA se calculó con nueve factores (altura de vuelo, tipo de vuelo, longitud de ala, peso, estatus, abundancia, estado reproductivo, estado de conservación internacional y nacional). Se calculó el MVP total a partir de todas las especies detectadas, y MVP medio solo utilizando las especies que superaron la mediana del IVA específico. El riesgo de colisión por hábitat se calculó determinando que menor al percentil 50 se considera de riesgo bajo, y de riesgo alto cuando el percentil sea mayor que 50. Los valores más altos de vulnerabilidad se encuentran en las especies: Rabihorcado Magno (Fregata magnificens), el Zopilote Negro (Coragyps atratus), el Zopilote Cabecirroja (Cathartes aura), Águila Pescadora (Pandion haliaetus), Caracara Crestado (Caracara cheriway), Zanate Nicaragüense (Quiscalus nicaraguensis), y la Garza Grande (Ardea herodias). El bosque ripario y pastizales con árboles son los sitios con mayor riesgo de colisión para instalar torres eólicas. El IVA y MVP constituyen herramientas importantes que permiten identificar los riesgos potenciales de colisión de aves en centrales eólicas antes de su construcción.

First successful breeding of Osprey Pandion haliaetus in Sardinia since 1968

In 2020, a pair of ospreys nested in the north western coast of Sardinia and the successful fledging of two chicks is the first record in the island since 1968. The last reported breeding occurred in the eastern coast of the island and after that the species was considered extinct. Ospreys regularly migrate, estivate and winter in Sardinia, with a wintering population of about 40 individuals in 2018. This new breeding episode is not resulting from reintroduction projects and may be related to the dynamics of the close population of Corsica and to the exceptional absence of human disturbance along the coast due to COVID 19 lock-down.