ĐẶC ĐIỂM SUY GIẢM CHỨC NĂNG TRÍ NHỚ TRÊN BỆNH NHÂN ĐỘNG KINH TRƯỞNG THÀNH TẠI BỆNH VIỆN BẠCH MAI

Bệnh động kinh gây hậu quả là cơn động kinh và có thể gây tổn thương các chức năng cao cấp của não trong đó có chức năng trí nhớ. Điều này dẫn đến suy giảm chất lượng cuộc sống đối với bệnh nhân động kinh. Mục tiêu: Mô tả đặc điểm lâm sàng suy giảm chức năng trí nhớ trên bệnh nhân động kinh trưởng thành. Đối tượng và phương pháp: Nghiên cứu mô tả cắt ngang trên 144 bệnh nhân được chẩn đoán động kinh theo tiêu chuẩn của Liên hội chống động kinh quốc tế (International League Against Epilepsy) tại bệnh viện Bạch Mai từ tháng 07 năm 2020 đến tháng 07 năm 2021. Kết quả: Có 78 bệnh nhân nam và 66 bệnh nhân nữ với độ tuổi trung bình là 44,2 ± 9,1.Độ tuổi khởi cơn động kinh lần đầu hay gặp nhất ở nhóm dưới 18 tuổi, sau 60 tuổi thì tỷ lệ này cũng có xu hướng tăng lên. Trong nhóm bệnh nhân nghiên cứu, bệnh nhân xuất hiện cơn động kinh cục bộ đơn thuần là nhiều nhất (38,9%,), số lượng bệnh nhân xuất hiện cơn cục bộ phức hợp ít nhất (11,1%). Tỷ lệ bệnh nhân động kinh bị suy giảm trí nhớ là 34,0%, trong đó nam giới chiếm 33,3%, nữ giới chiếm 34,8%, không có sự khác biệt về tỉ lệ suy giảm trí nhớ ở 2 giới.Bệnh nhân có tần suất cơn động kinh dày tỷ lệ bị suy giảm trí nhớ là 58,3%, bệnh nhân bị bệnh kéo dài trên 5 năm tỷ lệ suy giảm trí nhớ là 55,8%. Kết luận: Trong nghiên cứu của chúng tôi, bệnh nhân động kinh có tỷ lệ suy giảm trí nhớ tương đối cao, chiếm 34,0%. Bệnh nhân có thời gian mắc bệnh càng lâu, tần suất xuất hiện cơn động kinh càng dày thì tỷ lệ suy giảm trí nhớ càng cao, vì vậy cần có sự can thiệp điều trị tích cực hơn ở nhóm này.

Can intraoperative electrocorticography be used to minimize the extent of resection in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy associated with hippocampal sclerosis?

OBJECTIVE Tailored surgery to extensively resect epileptogenic lesions using intraoperative electrocorticography (ioECoG) may improve seizure outcomes. However, resection of large areas is associated with decreased memory function postoperatively. The authors assessed whether ioECoG could provide useful information on how to minimize the focus resection and obtain better seizure outcomes without memory deterioration. They examined the postoperative seizure-free period and memory alteration in a retrospective cohort of patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) due to hippocampal sclerosis (HS) in whom the extent of removal was determined using ioECoG findings. METHODS The authors enrolled 82 patients with TLE associated with HS who were treated surgically. Transsylvian amygdalohippocampectomy was indicated as the first step. When visual inspection identified interictal epileptic discharges from the lateral temporal lobe on ioECoG, anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL) was eventually performed. The patients were divided into the selective amygdalohippocampectomy (SA, n = 40) and ATL (n = 42) groups. Postoperative seizure outcomes were assessed at 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 years postoperatively using the International League Against Epilepsy classification. The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was applied to evaluate the period of seizure recurrence between the SA and ATL groups. Factors attributed to seizure recurrence were analyzed using the Cox proportional hazards model, and they were as follows: epileptic focal laterality; age at seizure onset (< 10 or ≥ 10 years old); seizure frequency (more than weekly or less than weekly seizures); history of focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizure; infectious etiology; and surgical procedure. The Wechsler Memory Scale–Revised was used to evaluate memory function pre- and postoperatively. RESULTS Seizure outcomes were significantly worse in the SA group than in the ATL group at 2 years postoperatively (p = 0.045). The International League Against Epilepsy class 1 outcomes at 7 years postoperatively in the SA and ATL groups were 63% and 81%, respectively. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that seizure recurred significantly earlier in the SA group than in the ATL group (p = 0.031). The 2-way ANOVA analysis was used to compare the SA and ATL groups in each memory category, and revealed that there was no significant difference regardless of the side of surgery. CONCLUSIONS Visual assessment of ioECoG cannot be used as an indicator to minimize epileptic focus resection in patients with TLE associated with HS. ATL is more effective in obtaining seizure-free outcomes; however, both ATL and SA can preserve memory function.

Validation of the New International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) 2017 Classification for Determining Seizure Type in Indian Patients

Introduction Epilepsy is a common condition in neurology comprising several electroclinical syndromes and seizure disorders of varying known and unknown etiologies that require variable diagnostic workup, treatment, and have obviously different prognoses. Therefore, for appropriate patient management, the best possible classification system for epilepsy is required. The International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) is continuously working on this with the latest classification provided in 2017. There is little knowledge about seizure type based on newer classification systems in Indian patients. Aims and Objective To test the applicability of the newer ILAE 2017 classification of epilepsy in determining seizure type in Indian patients, with respect to right patient management, the best classification system for epilepsy is necessary. Materials and Methods Prospective data of 310 consecutive patients with seizures presenting in neurology department was collected from December 2017 to June 2018 and analyzed according to the newer systems of classification of seizures proposed by ILAE in 2017. Results All 310 patients in age ranging from one year to 72 years with seizures could be classified according to the ILAE 2017 classification system. Focal onset seizure was noted in 66 patients (21.3%), while 244 patients (78.7%) had generalized onset based on clinical onset of seizure. Awareness was impaired in 262 (84.5%) patients. Motor onset seizure was observed in 278 patients (89.6%), while nonmotor seizure included absence, sensory, cognitive, and autonomic seizures. Conclusion The present study showed that all patients could be classified using ILAE 2017 classification system. Majority of seizure were generalized onset, predominantly motor type of seizure with impaired awareness using clinical description of classifying seizure, while focal onset seizure was the majority type of seizure when ancillary information was considered.

The regulation of driving with non-epileptic seizures must be made clearer

Patients with epilepsy have their authorisation to drive restricted under detailed guidelines, but the rules for those with non-epileptic seizures are far less clear. We surveyed specialist clinicians in Australia and found little agreement as to whether such guidelines existed for non-epileptic seizures or what they might be. A number of possible interpretations of the Australian fitness to drive guidelines are explored, and these are often vague in themselves, as well as uncertain in their scope. This means clinicians making momentous driving decisions for their patients with non-epileptic seizures are doubly challenged, first in interpreting what guidelines exist, and second in what they mean. The International League Against Epilepsy proposed specific guidelines for driving with non-epileptic seizures, which reflect the range of presentations of non-epileptic seizures in a decision-making algorithm. We believe a specific algorithm such as this is essential in removing one level of uncertainty and responsibility for clinicians, and restoring equity for patients with non-epileptic seizures.