Advanced image analysis of thermoplastic filaments’ viscous sintering kinetics: Contour fitting with a Lemniscate of Booth

Viscous sintering kinetics of thermoplastic polymers has been studied for powders using models refining the Frenkel-Eshelby approach. It is usually based on the measurement of the bonding neck between two molten particles submitted to thermo-microscopy trials. Recently, specific experimental setups have been described for studying the viscous sintering of filaments used in additive manufacturing by FDM. The description of their coalescence by models developed for particles is a rough approximation. However, the evolution of the shape of their section can be modelled by lemniscate curves. In the present work, we present an advanced image analysis approach allowing the fitting of the contour of the filaments by a Lemniscate of Booth. It is based on the automatic assessment of the coordinates of their edge pixels and the adjustment of lemniscates to match their evolving shape as a succession of inverse ellipses. We apply this procedure to a model-biopolymer recently shown as 3D-printable, the plasticized zein, a corn protein extruded as cylindrical filaments. Their sintering is recorded at 120°C as 8-bits coded raw images. After segmentation, a numerical mask is applied to follow the filaments outline. Using Matlab® as computer algebra system, the adjustment and the identification of lemniscates parameters leads to determine the viscous sintering characteristic time, similar to those of standard polymers. Then, the full monitoring of sintering kinetics is achievable and makes possible a better modelling of such experimental trials and their application to enhance the control of the welding between layers in additive manufacturing.

Comparative Analyses of the Influence of TEOS Additives on the Sintering Kinetics of Nd: YAG Transparent Ceramics

In this work, the sintering kinetics of Nd: YAG transparent ceramics under the vacuum environment was studied by the high-temperature solid phase method. The effects of different sintering temperatures and TEOS content on the densification process of Nd: YAG ceramics were studied. Meanwhile, the crystal structure of Nd: YAG transparent ceramics doped with different contents of TEOS was studied by X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The micrographs of ceramics samples were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The green sample is heated to 1450~1650°C for 0~2 h at a heating rate of 20°C/min in a vacuum environment (P T ≤ 10 -6 Pa), and the shrinkage of ceramic samples was analyzed in the vacuum atmosphere by the Johnson sintering model. The sintering activation energy of Nd: YAG transparent ceramics doped with different contents of TEOS was obtained. The results indicated that the addition of TEOS promoted the densification of ceramic samples. The grain size and relative density of ceramic samples increased, and the sintering activation energy decreased with the increase of TEOS content.