Metoda unilateralna w prawie prywatnym międzynarodowym. Uwagi na marginesie orzeczenia TSUE w sprawie C-135/15 Republika Grecji przeciwko Grigoriosowi Nikiforidisowi

The article confronts the unilateral and multilateral methods in private international law. The author first identifies the basic differences between the two. She then moves to describe the instruments and concepts resulting from the unilateral method: the theories of the Statutists in the period between 12th to 19th centuries, the solutions offered by the so called new American school, the method of recognition of private situations crystallized in a foreign legal system, the rules governing the spatial scope of the EU provisions, including the regulations and the directives, and finally the paradigm of the overriding mandatory rules. The second part of the paper provides a comment to the Nikiforidis case. The author makes a number of critical remarks with respect to the restrictive and rigid interpretation of Article 9(3) adopted by the CJEU. The argument is made that the more flexible and functional approach proposed by the Attorney General Maciej Szpunar in his Opinion should be preferred. Finally, the author makes her own proposition regarding the Nikiforidis case. She advocates a unilateral methodology that rejects the distinction between the overriding mandatory rules of the legis fori, legis causae and these of a third country.

The birth and evolution of American elitology in the XX — early XXI century

This study analyzed in details the genesis of American school of study of elites in the period from the middle of the 20th century to the beginning of the 21st century. In this case the author makes an attempt to classify the main phases of American elitology from the 40s of the 20th century. Based on an analysis of papers of well-known American sociologists and political scientists who study elites, the author states the main approaches in relation to the study of elites. Thus, in the 1940s, the dominant approach to understanding elites was the liberal-democratic, according to which access to the elites is open for everyone who has extra skills in different spheres of society. At the same time stands a technocratic approach, which define elite as a group of professional managers who form a new class of technocracy. In 50s–60s liberal-democratic approach has been criticized by left-wing approach. From this point, elite was defined as a narrow layer of financiers and persons, who are close to the president, and this layer is closed. In the 60s–70s, the most popular approach of studying elites was pluralism. According to which, elite has no monolithic origin — it is a complex of interconnected independent elites. From the beginning of the 70s, the basic principles of pluralism have been criticized by neoelitism, according to which the most elite representatives included in most elite groups simultaneously. The late 20th — early 21st century can be characterized in two ways: dispute between pluralists and neoelitists and attempts to operationalize the concept of elite.

Latin america school of business taught (LASBT): an initial reflexion

Enough. Is it time for the constitution of a Latin American School of Business Taught? To found it. To have our position. What contributions has Latin America made theoretically and empirically in Business, in the academic literature of Creativity, Management, Innovation, Entrepreneurship, Family Business, Business History, and other related disciplines? Where are we positioned in the history of global research and academic debates?

From Archive to GIS: Recovering Spatial Information for Tholos IV at the Palace of Nestor from the Notebooks of Lord William Taylour

This article is a case study in doing new things with old data. In 1953 Lord William Taylour directed the excavation of a monumental vaulted tholos tomb known as 'Tholos IV' at the site of ancient Pylos, Messenia, Greece. The excavation was conducted over two months, during which detailed notes were recorded in three notebooks now kept in the Archives of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. The formal publication of Tholos IV, however, contains only a basic narrative of the excavation, offering neither precise detail on stratigraphy, object find spots, nor even a complete inventory of small finds. The present study goes back to the original notebooks kept by Taylour and combines the data contained in them with a new digital survey of Tholos IV to produce a comprehensive and accurate 3D GIS model for the excavation. Furthermore, the GIS has been produced in such a way that its dataset is compatible with new excavation data currently generated in the ongoing Palace of Nestor Excavations (PONEX) project, bringing together two excavation campaigns conducted under very different circumstances, methodologies, and recording protocols. Discussion follows on how the production of this GIS deepens our understanding not just of the legacy excavation, but also of the site and its wider landscape.