Article 9: The Right Not to Be Separated from Parents

The Travaux Préparatoires insist upon the close nexus between Articles 9, 10, and 11 along with the several other provisions of the UNCRC that protect the close bond between child and parent. This chapter analyses the content of Article 9 in relation to the general principles of Child rights, related provisions in other international human rights treaties and materials, and sets out four main attributes of the right, as a child, to not be separated from one’s parents against one’s will. These four attributes are: (1) no separation from parents unless necessary for the child’s best interests; (2) no separation from one’s parents without due process before competent authorities; (3) the right to maintain relations and personal contact with both parents, if separated; and (4) the right to be informed of the whereabouts of one’s parent or child, if detained.

MABADI KHAIRA UMMAH DAN URGENSINYA DI ERA INDUSTRY 4.0 DAN SOCIETY 5.0

The 33rd NU Muktamar in Jombang 2015 mandated about 'developing other businesses through collaboration with domestic and foreign parties that benefit the community at large in order to realize the khaira ummah' (AD/ART NU, Article 9). Since the 13th NU Muktamar in Pandeglang 1939, NU has initiated Mabadi' Khaira Ummah (MKU). MKU is the basic principle of forming an ideal society. MKU consists of five basic principles, namely, ash-shidqu (true not lying, trust) al amanah wal-wafa bil 'ahdi (trust, keeping promises, loyal, commitment), at-ta'awun (helping, mutual helping), al adalah (fairness) and al istiqamah (firmness, constancy, consistency). In the midst of the era of industry 4.0 and society 5.0 as it is today, MKU is of course very urgent to provide a harmonious balance so that the goals of industry 4.0 productivity with the human life convenience of society 5.0 in various parts of the world can take place sustainably and full of grace. MKU is also becoming increasingly important alongside the 18 values ​​of character education.

Metoda unilateralna w prawie prywatnym międzynarodowym. Uwagi na marginesie orzeczenia TSUE w sprawie C-135/15 Republika Grecji przeciwko Grigoriosowi Nikiforidisowi

The article confronts the unilateral and multilateral methods in private international law. The author first identifies the basic differences between the two. She then moves to describe the instruments and concepts resulting from the unilateral method: the theories of the Statutists in the period between 12th to 19th centuries, the solutions offered by the so called new American school, the method of recognition of private situations crystallized in a foreign legal system, the rules governing the spatial scope of the EU provisions, including the regulations and the directives, and finally the paradigm of the overriding mandatory rules. The second part of the paper provides a comment to the Nikiforidis case. The author makes a number of critical remarks with respect to the restrictive and rigid interpretation of Article 9(3) adopted by the CJEU. The argument is made that the more flexible and functional approach proposed by the Attorney General Maciej Szpunar in his Opinion should be preferred. Finally, the author makes her own proposition regarding the Nikiforidis case. She advocates a unilateral methodology that rejects the distinction between the overriding mandatory rules of the legis fori, legis causae and these of a third country.

The Journalist's Tort Responsibility and The Ways To Avoid It In Light of The Saudi Press And Publication System: An Analytical Study

This study aims to determine the tort responsibility of the journalist in case of violating the rights of individuals and the extent of the possibility to avoid the tort responsibility of the journalist. This can happen through the decisions of the competent committees to consider violations of the provisions of the Saudi Press and Publication Law, based on the reasoning of its decisions on Article (9) of the Saudi Press and Publication Law. In the research, the analytical approach is used to the relevant texts from the Saudi Press and Publication System and the applied approach, which is based on strengthening legal and legal positions with judicial positions. In this study, the author addresses the pillars of the tort responsibility of the journalist by highlighting the pillars of Tort and damage, with the possibility of pushing the journalist to tort responsibility through satisfaction with the publication and the right to objective criticism. The study recommended: reorganizing the journalist’s tort responsibility through the inclusion of legal texts in the publications and publishing system due to the absence of legalization of financial transactions, which shows the general rules of responsibility, and publishing the decisions of the competent committees to consider violations of the provisions of the Saudi Press and Publication Law as a result of the absence of legalization of civil transactions.Keywords: Journalist Tort; Human Dignity; Privacy; Moral Damage; Objective Criticism Tanggung Jawab Kerugian Wartawan dan Cara Menghindarinya Berdasarkan Sistem Publikasi dan Pers Saudi: Sebuah Studi Analitis Abstrak:Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tanggung jawab gugatan wartawan dalam kasus pelanggaran hak-hak individu dan sejauh mana kemungkinan untuk menghindari tanggung jawab gugatan wartawan. Hal ini dapat terjadi melalui keputusan komite yang berwenang untuk mempertimbangkan pelanggaran ketentuan Undang-Undang Pers dan Publikasi Saudi, berdasarkan pertimbangan keputusannya pada Pasal (9) Undang-Undang Pers dan Publikasi Saudi. Dalam penelitian ini, pendekatan analitis digunakan pada teks-teks yang relevan dari Saudi Press and Publication System dan pendekatan terapan, yang didasarkan pada penguatan posisi hukum dan hukum dengan posisi yudisial. Dalam studi ini, penulis membahas pilar-pilar tanggung jawab kerugian jurnalis dengan menyoroti pilar-pilar kerugian dan kerugian, dengan kemungkinan mendorong jurnalis untuk melakukan tanggung jawab kerugian melalui kepuasan terhadap publikasi dan hak atas kritik yang objektif. Kajian ini merekomendasikan: menata kembali tanggung jawab wanprestasi jurnalis melalui pencantuman teks hukum dalam sistem penerbitan dan penerbitan karena tidak adanya legalisasi transaksi keuangan, yang menunjukkan aturan umum pertanggungjawaban, dan mempublikasikan keputusan komite yang berwenang untuk mempertimbangkan pelanggaran. ketentuan Hukum Pers dan Publikasi Saudi sebagai akibat tidak adanya legalisasi transaksi perdata.Kata Kunci: Gugatan Wartawan; Harga diri manusia; Pribadi; Kerusakan Moral; Kritik Objektif Деликатная ответственность журналиста и способы ее избежать в свете саудовской прессы и системы публикаций: аналитическое исследованиеАбстрактный:Это исследование направлено на определение деликтной ответственности журналиста в случае нарушения прав человека и степени возможности избежать деликтной ответственности журналиста. Это может произойти в результате решений компетентных комитетов о рассмотрении нарушений положений Закона Саудовской Аравии о печати и публикациях на основании обоснования своих решений по статье (9) Закона Саудовской Аравии о печати и публикациях. В исследовании используется аналитический подход к релевантным текстам из Саудовской системы печати и публикаций и прикладной подход, который основан на усилении юридических и юридических позиций с помощью судебных позиций. В этом исследовании автор обращается к столпам деликтной ответственности журналиста, выделяя столпы деликта и ущерба, с возможностью подтолкнуть журналиста к деликтной ответственности через удовлетворение публикацией и право на объективную критику. В исследовании рекомендовалось: реорганизовать деликтную ответственность журналиста путем включения юридических текстов в системы публикаций и публикации в связи с отсутствием легализации финансовых операций, которая показывает общие правила ответственности, и опубликовать решения компетентных комитетов по рассмотрению нарушений. положений Закона о печати и публикациях Саудовской Аравии в результате отсутствия легализации гражданских сделок.Ключевые слова: журналист Tort; Человеческое достоинство; Конфиденциальность; Моральный урон; Объективная критика

The Defects of Nigeria’s Secured Transactions in Movable Assets Act 2017 and Their Potential Repercussions on Access to Credit: a Comparative Analysis and Lessons from the Anglo-American Law

It has been sufficiently established in law and finance literature that an effective legal framework that governs non-possessory security transactions is a key component in the realization of financial inclusion and affordable access to credit in market economies. Recently, the Nigerian lawmakers enacted the Secured Transactions in Movable Assets Act 2017 (STMA), which was modelled after the United States’ Article 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC Article 9) and its unitary-functional approach to security interests. Arguably, some of the STMA’s provisions are defective: they do not reflect the local conditions in Nigeria and are likely to frustrate its section 1 aim of broadening access to credit for individuals and small businesses. The STMA recognizes registration as the main method of perfection: yet there are multiple but unlinked movable collateral registries in Nigeria which ultimately constitute a breeding ground for secret liens. This article argues that the relegation of other perfection methods, such as ‘possession’ and ‘control’, will diminish the economic success of the reformed law. It calls for a reconsideration of the rules governing publicity and the perfection of security interests under the STMA with insights and lessons from the UCC Article 9 and its underlying case law.

Religion, Belief, and the European Court of Human Rights

This chapter examines the interpretation of the right to freedom of religion or belief under Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights (1950) by the European Court of Human Rights. The topic is examined with reference to legal bans on items of Islamic dress such as headscarves and face-veils. It is argued that both the structure of Article 9, and the way in which it has been interpreted, has resulted in weak levels of protection for applicants bringing such claims, and that the reasons for this lie deep in European history and politics. The Court’s approach may, arguably, be justifiable in that the protection it offers is subsidiary to that offered by states. Nevertheless, the scant hope that such applicants have raises questions as to the effectiveness of the Convention and threatens to undermine much of the laudable work that has been undertaken elsewhere by the Court.

How to Represent the Silent Environment? An Update on Germany’s Struggle to Implement Article 9 (3) of the Aarhus Convention

With Germany’s signature to the Aarhus Convention in 1998, the country committed to strengthening the legal position of environmental Non-Governmental Organisations (eNGOs). Since, traditionally, in Germany, “public interest litigation” was legally impossible, the country had to consider fundamental changes to its system of judicial review. More than 20 years later, the German implementation of Article 9(3) of the Aarhus Convention (ac) has seen several amendments, but is still cause for controversy. Despite Germany’s prolonged efforts to adapt its legislation, there are, currently, two admitted complaints concerning Germany’s system of legal standing of eNGOs waiting for a (final) decision by the ac Compliance Committee, while several cjeu judgments have clarified the much-needed interpretation of Article 9(3) ac particularly also in view of the notion of effective judicial protection. These developments, together with scholarly criticism, indicate a need for further legal change in the German approach.

Wearing religious symbols at work in the ECtHR’s judgments

Freedom of speech and freedom of conscience and religion are essential human rights which are protected, among others, by the ECHR. The number of the European Court of Human Rights’ decisions on wearing religious symbols (in a form of a Christian cross, a Muslim veil or a headscarf) at work remains small. Nevertheless, some interpretation guidelines can be identified in particular on how to ensure that an interference with Article 9 of the 1950 Convention has to be proportionate and “necessary in a democratic society”. Owing to a lack of European-wide consensus on states’ approach to religion, a state exercises a wide margin of appreciation. Nevertheless, a state always has to take into account rights of the others, in particular those who are dependent on (e.g. patience at hospital) employees or are prone to an impact of employees (e.g. pupils and students). Thus, dress codes confirming a secular nature and religious neutrality of a State not always violates Article 9 of the ECHR. Rules apply mainly to public bodies, but a state liability may also be found to private company’s cases. Details of each employment contract and of the employee’s conduct have to be always analysed. The dress code rules applied to man and women and irrespective to their religion, so the Court has not declared it to be discriminatory because of sex or religion of employees.