Load Frequency Control in a Multi-Area Deregulated Power System with BBBC-based Discrete Fractional Order Control Scheme

Load frequency control (LFC) for multi-area restructured power system using discrete controlscheme has been suggested in this paper. The proposed LFC scheme utilizes synchronously measured dataof frequency and tie-line power to calculate area control error (ACE). A discrete non-integer proportionalintegral derivative controller (D-FOPID) has been used to derive frequency error to zero. Two-area thermaland four-area hydro thermal deregulated power system has been used to investigate various LFC issues. Theoptimal factors of D-FOPID have been obtained using big bang big crunch (BBBC) algorithm. The systemresults under MATLAB/Simulink validate that D-FOPID effectively work under different types of contractscenarios. D-FOPID performance has also been compared to discrete proportional integral derivativecontroller (D-PID). Further the compliance with control standards of North American electric reliabilitycouncil (NERC) has also been ensured for both the controller.

Meta-Heuristic Algorithm Optimized Fuzzy PID Controlled AGC of Three Area Power System

The problem of automatic generation control (AGC) is a major concern in power utilities; it plays a major role of the complicated structure and dimension of the multi-area systems. Automatic Generation Control's main intention in the multi-area system is to maintain the frequency of each control area and remain the tie-line power flows within the many defined tolerance limits by modifying the Automatic Generation Control generators’ actual power outputs to accommodate the changing load requirements. Frequency control is accomplished through the primary control mechanism or the governor control mechanism. But the Area Control Error (ACE) always present in the system. The secondary controllers are surmounting this ACE to zero. The design tunes the controllers to enhance the better dynamic performance and stability of these eccentric conditions. The goal of this work is to diminish area control error, settle time, under-shoots and over-shoots of frequency divergence and net interchange tie-line error. Generally the gain values of the PID Control parameters obtain by tribulation and error technique and it need additional computation time. To reduce this obscurity of tuning of PID gains Evolutionary algorithm approach can be habituated to optimize the PID gains. Fuzzy – PID have been employed with different objective to enhance the efficient optimal solutions to the three area system. In this proposed study, GWO technique used to maximize Fuzzy-based PID controller's Proportional, Integral and Derivative gains in Three Area System.

Frequency Regulation of Renewable Energy Integrated Deregulated Power System using Novel Optimization Scheme

The proposed work deals with the automatic generation control of a two area system under deregulated power environment. The two area system considered for analysis implements the integration of renewables into it. The system model consists of a solar thermal plant and a reheat thermal plant in area 1. The reheat thermal plant is replaced with the nuclear power plant in area 2. So the second area consists of a nuclear plant and a solar thermal plant for study. This work also deals with the application of a new controller namely the Tilted Integral Derivative controller as a secondary controller for minimizing the Area control Error (ACE) and bring it to zero. This work also proposes the implementation of a novel optimization techniqueDragonfly algorithm (DA) technique. The superiority of DA tuned TID controller was established in terms of settling time, maximum overshoot and minimum undershoot. The behaviour of the DA tuned TID controller is also tested in the new model for two different market scenarios namely the base case and the bilateral transaction. The dynamic system performance parameters are evaluated and noted. The robustness of the proposed DA tuned controller is effectively established

A Three Area Interconnected Power System Network Load Frequency Controller Simulator

This paper presents a MATLAB simulator of a three area interconnected power system of Thermal-Gas-Hydro. Nonlinearities intrinsic in the interconnected power system of communication delay, Generation Rate Constraint and Generation Dead Band were measured. Bat Inspired Algorithm was exploited to select the favourable parameters of the Model Predictive Controller and the Super Conducting Magnetic Energy Storage. Model Predictive Controller was the subordinate controller employed to minimalize the Area Control Error, Super Conducting Magnetic Energy Storage was the energy buffer to balance the load demand and the power generated. Integral Time Absolute Error was the performance metrics employed to minimize the Area Control Error. Parametric dissimilarity was tested on the inter-connected power system to observe the efficacy of the controller. Step load perturbation of was concurrently applied to the three-area inter-connected network, was introduced to the thermal generating unit, was introduced to the gas and hydro generating unit. Value of the tie-line was introduced to examine its effect on the frequency deviation. The results performed better when compared with Model Predictive Controller joined with Super Conducting Magnetic Energy Storage against the Model Predictive Controller without Super Conducting Magnetic Energy Storage in relations to settling time, overshoot and undershoot.

AGC of multi area power system based PSO under deregulated conditions

In This research PIDF (Proportional Integral Derivative with Filter) is suggested to control the ACE (area control error) signal of automatic generation control circuit (AGC) for two-area multi units system under deregulated conditions, each area consist of two thermal reheat units with physical GRC (generating rate constrain). The parameters of the PIDF controller are tuned using PSO (particle swarm optimization) technique. To improve the system performance, Redox Flow Batteries (RFB) is presented in one area and one of FACTS components IPFC (Inter Line Power Flow Controller) is installed in tie line. The performance of the proposed controller is assessed under different working conditions of deregulated power market. Finally, a comparison will be made on the system response when testing with varying the load conditions and system parameter through MATLAB environment 2015Rb.

Automatic generation control of a two area power system implementing IDDF controller under restructured environment

This paper presents the Automatic generation control of an interlinked power system in a restructured environment. The model consists of a hydro plant, a thermal plant and a diesel plant incorporated in both areas. The Area Control Error (ACE) is minimized with the help of a new controller called the Integral Double Derivative controller (IDDF) employed as a secondary controller in the proposed model. The controller parameters are optimized by a novel optimization scheme called the Lightning Search Algorithm. The proposed model is simulated under two market scenarios. The robustness of the system is also examined under step load perturbations, random loading conditions and parameter variation. The settling time of the IDDF controller is put to comparison with the PID controller and the supremacy is established.