A Study on Robert Keohane’s Idea of “Power”

Robert Keohane is a leading contemporary international relations scholar. His ideas and doctrines are important parts of neoliberal institutionalism. In his books Power and Interdependence, and After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy, he has a unique perspective on power, a core concept of international relations, that differs from realism and constructivism. This paper uses documentary analysis to distill and summarize the discussion of power in Robert Keohane’s work, which helps to systematically study the neoliberal institutionalist view of power and to make the classic theory show its charm beyond its time.

A Study on Robert Keohane’s Idea of “Power”

Robert Keohane is a leading contemporary international relations scholar. His ideas and doctrines are important parts of neoliberal institutionalism. In his books Power and Interdependence, and After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy, he has a unique perspective on power, a core concept of international relations, that differs from realism and constructivism. This paper uses documentary analysis to distill and summarize the discussion of power in Robert Keohane’s work, which helps to systematically study the neoliberal institutionalist view of power and to make the classic theory show its charm beyond its time.

Application of the ideas of neorealism and neoliberal institutionalism in Iranian nuclear policy

The article examines two antagonistic theories of international relations – neorealism and neoliberal institutionalism using the case of Iran's nuclear policy. The author compares the approaches of neorealists and neoliberal institutionalists to the problem of nuclear proliferation and analyzes how these approaches can explain the evolution of Iran's military nuclear program. Iran is a country with significant energy resources, namely second place after Saudi Arabia in terms of oil reserves and second in terms of natural gas reserves after Russia; Iran also has a unique geographical location in such regions as the Persian Gulf and the Middle East. Also, a certain policy of Iran is formed on the basis of the Shiite branch of Islam, which already distinguishes this country, given the particularly unfavorable historical conditions under which the Shiite Islam was formed and the events of the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1979 and the Iran-Iraq War of 1980–1988, when Iran faced Iraq alone and use of chemical weapons by Iraq, which deepened Iranian isolation thoughts. The fact that there has been no international response to Iraq's use of chemical weapons has heightened Iran's sense of isolation. This experience was certainly imprinted in the Iranian national psyche and caused even greater distrust in international arms control treaties. Relations with the United States in Iran are extremely tense and unstable, depending on the US administration and the political situation in Iran, as Iran has traditionally maneuvered between radical conservatives and more moderate politicians. The US elections in 2020 and the elections in Iran in 2021 will be an important stage in the further development of relations and the fate of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA). The article examines the extent to which the theoretical considerations of proponents of theories of neorealism and neoliberal institutionalism are reflected in Iran's practical nuclear policy and what impact these two theories may have on the future nuclear strategy of the Iranian leadership.

APEC: INDONESIA AS A BALANCER AMONG US-CHINA

APEC is an international organization located in the Asia Pacific region. Its member countries are affiliated with the intention of not only developing the regional economy but also making the region stable, because the Asia Pacific region is a busy area visited by international community entities, from developed to developing countries. This research will discuss the role of Indonesia as a counterweight to the interests of the United States and the People's Republic of China, especially in the economic fields of which each country is incorporated in APEC. Because, we know the dominance of the policies issued by the United States and the People's Republic of China in recent years has been very influential both in the international and regional order. The method used is qualitative by conducting a literature study. The approach or theory used in analyzing the discussion is the Concept of Interdependence and Neoliberal Institutionalism. The purpose of this study is to examine the extent of Indonesia's role in efforts to create regional stability between two countries that have more power such as the United States and the People's Republic of China. The results of this study will outline the benefits, opportunities and challenges of Indonesia in APEC membership and its impact on its relationship with the United States and the People's Republic of China. Keywords: APEC, Interdependence, Neoliberal Institutionalism, Indonesia, United States, China Abstrak APEC adalah salah satu organisasi internasional yang berada di kawasan Asia Pasifik. Negara-negara anggotanya tergabung dengan maksud tidak hanya mengembangkan ekonomi kawasan tapi juga menjadikan kawasan tersebut stabil, sebab kawasan Asia Pasifik merupakan kawasan yang ramai disinggahi para entitas masyarakat internasional, dari negara-negara maju hingga berkembang. Penelitian ini akan membahas mengenai peran Indonesia sebagai penyeimbang kepentingan Amerika Serikat dan Republik Rakyat Tiongkok, terutama di bidang ekonomi yang masing-masing negara tersebut tergabung dalam APEC. Sebab, kita ketahui dominasi dari adanya kebijakan yang dikeluarkan oleh Amerika Serikat dan Republik Rakyat Tiongkok beberapa tahun terakhir ini sangat berpengaruh baik di tatanan internasional maupun kawasan. Metode yang digunakan adalah kualitatif dengan melakukan studi literatur. Pendekatan atau teori yang digunakan dalam menganalisa pembahasan adalah Konsep Interdependensi dan Neoliberal Institusionalisme. Tujuan Penelitian ini adalah meninjau sejauh mana peran Indonesia dalam upaya menciptakan stabilitas kawasan di antara dua negara yang memiliki power lebih seperti Amerika Serikat dan Republik Rakyat Tiongkok. Hasil penelitian ini akan menguraikan manfaat, peluang dan tantangan Indonesia dalam keanggotaan APEC serta dampaknya terhadap hubungannya dengan Amerika Serikat dan Republik Rakyat Tiongkok. Kata Kunci: APEC, Interdependensi, Neoliberal Instutisionalisme, Indonesia, Amerika Serikat, Tiongkok

19. International law

This chapter examines debates surrounding the nature and efficacy of modern international law. It begins by discussing the reasons why international societies construct institutions, and why different sorts of institutions have emerged in different historical contexts. It then considers the nature and origins of the modern institution of international law, its relationship with the practice of multilateralism, and the recent cosmopolitanization of the global legal order. It also explores the laws of war and concludes with an overview of different theoretical approaches to international law such as realism, neoliberal institutionalism, and constructivism. Two case studies are presented: the first is about whether international law is an expression of Western dominance and the second is about individual criminal accountability in non-Western countries. There is also an Opposing Opinions box that asks whether international law has any real effect on the nature and conduct of international relations.