ANALISIS KERJASAMA SECRETARIAT OF THE PACIFIC REGIONAL ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME (SPREP) TERKAIT PERUBAHAN IKLIM

Climate Action or handling related to climate change is one of the important points of the 17 goals contained in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Climate change has recently become a serious problem in the international world, so it really needs deep attention from every country or region. As is the case in the Pacific Islands region, climate change is a threat that can disrupt sustainable development in this region, especially since there is an issue of rising sea levels which can drown the islands in it. With this climate change problem, one way that can be done is to take action or take action. Based on this background, an intergovernmental body called The Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment (SPREP) was formed to deal with problems regarding climate change in the Pacific Islands. The aim of SPREP itself is to promote cooperation in the Pacific region, provide assistance to protect and enhance the environment, and to ensure sustainable development for present and future generations. The framework used in this article is based on the theory of liberalism. Keywords: Pacific Island, SPREP, climate change Abstrak Climate Action atau penanganan terkait perubahan iklim merupakan salah satu poin penting dari 17 tujuan yang terdapat dalam Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Perubahan iklim akhir-akhir ini merupakan masalah yang cukup serius dalam dunia internasional, sehingga sangat dibutuhkan perhatian yang mendalam dari setiap negara ataupun kawasan. Seperti halnya yang terjadi di wilayah Kepulauan Pasifik, perubahan iklim merupakan suatu ancaman yang dapat mengganggu pembangunan berkelanjutan di wilayah ini, terlebih lagi adanya isu kenaikan air laut yang dapat menenggelamkan pulau-pulau didalamnya. Dengan adanya permasalahan perubahan iklim ini, salah satu cara yang dapat dilakukan yaitu melakukan pergerakan atau tindakan. Berdasarkan latar belakang tersebut, dibentuklah badan antar pemerintah yang dinamakan The Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment (SPREP) untuk menangani permasalahan mengenai perubahan iklim di Kepulauan Pasifik. Tujuan dari SPREP itu sendiri adalah untuk mempromosikan kerjasama di kawasan Pasifik, memberikan bantuan untuk melindungi dan meningkatkan lingkungan, serta untuk memastikan pembangunan berkelanjutan bagi generasi sekarang dan masa depan. Kerangka pemikiran yang digunakan dalam artikel ini didasarkan pada teori liberalisme. Kata kunci: Kepulauan Pasifik, SPREP, perubahan iklim

Myanmar Political Instability: A Threat to Southeast Asia Stability

This research aims to explain current Myanmar political instability due to the recent military coup d’état on February 1, 2021 led by General Senior Min Aung Hlaing follow with Aung San Suu Kyi and other pro-democracy elite leaders arrests. Domestically, up to present time, after the military coup, most Burmese supporters of Myanmar's democratization such medical doctors, teachers, traders, civilian political leaders, and university students balked and staged massive demonstrations against the military coup and demanded the return of civilian government authority by the military junta government. This research revealed that this unexpected Myanmar phenomenal political situation has impact on Southeast Asia regional security and ASEAN Unity.

Indonesia-Oman Relationship: Gradually Growing with Many Opportunities

This paper aims to explore the relationship between the Republic of Indonesia and the Sultanate of Oman. Oman is one of the Middle Eastern countries which have strengthened its relationship with Indonesia. In recent years, Jakarta-Muscat ties have gradually developed in various spheres, although the cooperation remains limited compared to Indonesia’s ties with other regional states. Despite these developments, Indonesia’s ties with Middle Eastern countries has received little attention in the literature. This paper thus aims to examine the nature and scope of the relationship between Indonesia and Oman in a number of spheres based on Eberling (2017)’s five-dimensional framework, which includes political-diplomatic relations, economic-trade relations, military- security relations, cultural relations, as well as petroleum-energy relations. At the same time, the paper also intends to identify the opportunities available for the two countries to expand their ties.

REZIM KEAMANAN MARITIM DALAM PENANGANAN PEMBAJAKAN KAPAL DI SELAT MALAKA

This article describes the form and performance of the Malacca Straits Patrol (MSP) cooperation as a maritime security regime in dealing with maritime piracy in the Straits of Malacca in the year 2008-2020. It is explored and analyzed using a theoretical approach of maritime security regimes, with the concept of maritime piracy, and the concept of maritime security. The research method used is qualitative based on case study and descriptive analysis. Sources of data were obtained from interviews and documentation with validated through triangulation of data sources and negative case analysis. The results of the study found the maritime piracy in the Straits of Malacca led to the development of dynamic threat perspective between littoral states and non-littoral user states depending on the priority of each states maritime interests to the strategic value of the Malacca Strait. This prompted the establishment of the Malacca Straits Patrol (MSP) cooperation as a form of maritime security regime with a cooperative security mechanism that has principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures aimed at dealing with maritime piracy of Malacca Strait through four programs: (1) Malacca Straits Sea Patrol (MSSP); (2) Eyes in the Sky Combined Maritime Air Patrols (EiS-CMAP); (3) Malacca Straits Patrol Intelligence Exchange Group (MSP-IEG); and (4) the Malacca Straits Patrol Joint Coordination Committee (MSP-JCC). It has a low level of effectiveness performance as the output product of the regime make outcome changes in the collective behavior of Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand that optimum comply with a few rules of the game in the implementation of the MSSP, EiS CMAP, MSP-IEG, and MSP-JCC programs, because hampered by lack of capability and mutual mistrust. The results of these performances made the operationalization of the MSP regime to minimum, resulting in the unresolved problem of maritime piracy of the Malacca Strait according to the objectives MSP regime. Recommends for extending MSP to Strait of Singapore; increased capability of MSSP and EiS-CMAP; review the transparency information exchange of MSP-IEG; and increasing awareness and financial support, equipment, and training from interested non-littoral actors to littoral actors to make MSP more effective in dealing with piracy in the Straits of Malacca. Keywords : Straits of Malacca; Maritime Piracy; Maritime Security; Malacca Straits Patrol; Maritime Security Regime

Financial Administration of the Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA) Among Barangays in Bayugan City, Agusan de Sur, Philippines

In the Republic Act 7160 otherwise known as the Local Government Code of 1991 has considerably altered the nature and participation of the local government units in the pursuit of national development. Considered that the barangays is the smallest political system in the Philippines were given the responsibility and authority to implement barangay development of their Internal Revenue Allotment. Hence, despite the allocation for the Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA) to barangays for the development, problems affecting the administration of such fund are so obvious. The system of administering the barangay development programs has evolved along with the changing structure of our government. The study aimed to describe the financial administration of the Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA) of barangays in Bayugan City. The cross-sectional survey research design was used frequency counts and distributions were utilized to present and analyze the data gathered. The sample barangays were taken through purposive sampling using income as the main criterion. Primary and secondary data thru the questionnaire and documents. The allocations of the 43 barangays of Bayugan City tend to increase. The barangays had also sourced their funding needs from sources other than IRA or alternative sources. Recommendations, there must be an in-depth review on the procedure of allocating the IRA among barangays in Bayugan City. Likewise, an in-depth review on the required itemized budget be carried out of expenditures for barangays must be carried out such that barangays prone to calamities may have options in regard to their annual allocation; The barangay officials should strengthen further the participation of all barangay constituents in determining the priority projects and similar studies should be conducted in order to know further the extent of the strengthens and weakness.

Globalization for South Korea’s Cultural Industry: The Future of K-Pop in The Untact Era

This study will discuss the role of globalization in the development of Culture Technology in the South Korean entertainment industry, particularly as a strategy and vision presented by SM Entertainment. Various new innovations for the entertainment world in the future, especially in the face of the Covid-19 pandemic situation or the untact era, ranging from online concerts to the use of social media as a new business model. The main purpose of this article is to understand and describe the use of technology in the South Korean entertainment industry. The theory used in this research is globalization theories, with descriptive qualitative research methods. Data mining was carried out by observation using secondary data that supported this research, from books, online reporting, presentations and presentations, as well as previous research journals. The author concludes that technological advances have had a significant impact on the entertainment industry and the spread of popular culture, K-Pop, in an untact era to entertainment companies such as SM Entertainment, which continues to innovate in technology that is leading the industry to stay connected with audiences globally and become opportunities for future advancement.

The Implementation of People's Republic of China's Maritime Security Strategy to Protect Its Energy Security in the Indian Ocean Region (2015-2019)

Korea is a country that once full of doubts. As time goes by, every sector from Korea are turns out to be huge achievements of the Korean people. Korean pop culture for instance, becomes a crucial driver for Korean economy. Not only Korean pop culture, recently property investor from Korea also becomes a big player in the US, and moreover in the global stage. New study also tells that Korea as global property industry player could exceed China as China’s economy slowing down. Therefore, question how can South Korea's property industry sectors thrive overseas, such as in the U.S.? Arises. This paper would explain the factors behind South Korean property industry performance in US, including push and pull factors through a scope of global capital movement paradigm. Meaningful government supports, big possibilities, and a good investment climate for South Korean property industry plus the right global demands could be some factors behind the rising of South Korean property industry, especially in the US. Keyword(s): Korea, Property, Industry, Push and Pull Factors, Global Capital Movement

STRATEGIC ANALYSIS OF CAPACITY BUILDING FOR THE CYBER SECURITY OF THE UNITED STATES IN ASIA

In recent years, cyber-attacks in virtual spaces have been rapidly increasing, and modern centralized states have proven to be incapable of effectively responding to cyber-attacks on their own. To resolve cyber issues, the United States has started cooperating with allied countries such as Japan and the ASEAN countries through Capacity Building (CB). Cyber-attacks include online and physical infrastructures, often referred to as electronic warfare and “hybrid wars.” In this paper, I show the importance of revisiting deterrence theory for cyber security issues. Deterrence theory derives from a traditional International Relations (IR) theory, realism, which emphasizes that states always act to maximize military power. However, in explaining the CB in cyberspace, key concepts and different theoretical frameworks which both scholars of liberalism and neoliberalism advocate, must be incorporated because not only military power, but also economic power has to be taken into account. This paper takes the United States as one case in which infrastructural support in cyberspace is observed. More specifically, I argue that in order for CB to happen, cooperation in cyberspaces must emerge, especially in the realm of economy, legislation, and military support to allied countries. This paper intends to determine the utilities of cyber CB. To do so, I collected data from more than 200 countries and inspected the correlations between cyber-attacks and CB using statistical software R. I also examines other factors such as Internet population, GDP growth rate, war expenditures, economy, military, and law regimes, to determine which are statistically significant in mitigating cyber-attacks. Keywords: cybersecurity, international relations, realism, liberalism, capacity building

Contextualising Indonesia-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement (IJEPA) within Strategic Partnership Framework

This article explains Indonesia’s rationale to prolong its cooperation with Japan under Indonesia-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement (IJEPA). This article utilises Wilkin’s Strategic Partnership framework to analyse the phenomenon. Under the aforementioned trade framework, Indonesia is still at disadvantageous position due to non-tariff barriers that is imposed by Japan. This article argues that Indonesia’s decision to prolong the agreement is because Japan – Indonesia economic partnership is intertwined with both parties security and ideological partnership.

Political Economy Analysis of The Rising of South Korean Property Industry:

Korea is a country that once full of doubts. As time goes by, every sector from Korea are turns out to be huge achievements of the Korean people. Korean pop culture for instance, becomes a crucial driver for Korean economy. Not only Korean pop culture, recently property investor from Korea also becomes a big player in the US, and moreover in the global stage. New study also tells that Korea as global property industry player could exceed China as China’s economy slowing down. Therefore, question how can South Korea's property industry sectors thrive overseas, such as in the U.S.? Arises. This paper would explain the factors behind South Korean property industry performance in US, including push and pull factors through a scope of global capital movement paradigm. Meaningful government supports, big possibilities, and a good investment climate for South Korean property industry plus the right global demands could be some factors behind the rising of South Korean property industry, especially in the US