Analysis of Household Behavior in Consumption According to Members and Ages and its Impact on Public Consumption of Iraq

Public consumption is one of the main components of the total demand function, which affects economic stability, inflation, unemployment, and the success of monetary and financial policy in achieving its short-term goals. Therefore, household behavior in consumption and analysis of the factors affecting in it, will draw the role of public consumption in stimulating total demand, investment, production, employment, it increases the effectiveness of financial and monetary policy in achieving its goals, or a burden on the macroeconomics, represented by increasing the gap in total demand, imports, trade deficit, imported inflation and unemployment in case that local production does not respond to the increase in public consumption. And from here the study clarifies this economic problem by analyzing and demonstrating the behavior of Iraqi families according to the members and ages in consumption and their effect on increasing the economic burden on the decision-maker in the economic reform of Iraq.

The Role Financial Literacy and Financial Planning to Increase Financial Resilience: Household Behaviour as Mediating Variable

<p>This study aims to examine the effect of spatial literacy and financial planning by using household behavior as a mediator. The testing uses a mediation process using Smart PLS 3.0. Respondents were collected using an online survey using a simple random sampling technique. The number of respondents used in this study was 102 respondents. Based on the results of data processing, financial literacy on financial resilience is not supported. Meanwhile, the effect of financial literacy on financial resilience by mediating household behavior is accepted. The hypothesis of financial planning on financial resilience is not supported. However, the effect of financial planning on financial resilience with household behavior as mediation is supported. This research provides theoretical and practical contributions which will also be discussed further in this paper.</p>

Toward achieving persistent behavior change in household water conservation

Achieving persistence in household behavior modification has been a central but elusive goal of environmental conservation attempts that rely on behavioral interventions. We implemented a habit change intervention, designed to achieve persistent change in household water conservation behavior in an affluent residential community in urban India. We found a 15 to 25% reduction in household water consumption in the absence of any volumetric pricing. Most importantly, the effects of our 5-wk intervention persisted for more than a year, after which marginal pricing was introduced. The treatment gap was not bridged even after a year under the marginal price regime.

Fuel Availability and Java Households Cooking Fuel Choices: Evidence from Indonesia’s LPG Subsidy Policy

In 2007, Indonesia launched a 3 kg Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) cylinder for poor households, and micro-enterprises were started on Java island to reduce the burden of fuel subsidies. In its implementation, the subsidized LPG may also be used by non-target households, which has implications for the government’s fiscal burden. To avoid this, it is necessary to understand household behavior towards non-subsidized LPG choices. Household income and fuel availability determine the choice of household cooking fuel types. However, existing studies have not seen the relationship between subsidized and non-subsidized LPG as a household cooking fuel. Using rich data from the March 2018 National Socio-Economic Survey (Susenas) and the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (KESDM) information, this study examined the relationship between income, subsidized LPG quota as a representation of the availability of subsidized fuel, and non-subsidized LPG choices as household cooking fuel in Java in 2018. The Multinomial Logit model's estimation results found that an increase in income and a decrease in subsidized LPG quotas were correlated with an increase in the opportunity to choose non-subsidized LPG as household cooking fuel in Java in 2018. Furthermore, this study revealed that the largest subsidized LPG users were non-poor households.